Final Flashcards
Mental Disorders:
What are four types of anxiety disorders?
- Panic Disorder
- Phobia (EX. Agoraphobia)
- OCD
- PTSD
Mental Disorders:
What are the 6 types of treatments of affective disorders?
1.Psychotherapy
2.Antidepressants
3.Electroconvulsive Therapy
4.Deep Brain Stimulation
5.Ketamine
6.Lithium
Mental Disorders:
What are the four types of neurodegerative Diseases?
- Alzheimers Disease
- Parkinsons Disease
- Amyotrophic Latera Sclerosis
- Huntington’s Disease
Mental Disorders:
Based on these symptoms what neurodegenerative disease can we predict?
Symptoms: Forgetfulness, loss of abstract thinking, judgement, and tasks. Personality changes.
Alzheimers Disease
Mental Disorders:
What are the two types of Alzheimers Disease?
- Sporadic AD
- Familial AD
Mental Disorders:
Which Alzheimers Diseases is the rarest form ?
Familial AD
MDD & Happiness:
Which diffused modulatory system controls regulation of attention, arousal, and sleep–
wake cycles as well as learning and memory,
anxiety, and pain, mood, and brain metabolism?
Norepinephrine System
MDD & Happiness:
Which diffused modulatory system does this pertain to “ Arouse and awaken the forebrain, control mood,and certain emotional behavior” ?
Serotonin System
MDD & Happiness:
Which diffused modulatory system does this pertain to “ Regulation of mood, and movement. Part of the reward system, but not only about rewards. “ ?
Dopamine System
MDD & Happiness:
There are two aspects of happiness which one is responsible for pleasure?
Hedonia
MDD & Happiness:
There are two aspects of happiness which one is responsible for a well lived life?
Eudaimonia
MDD & Happiness:
Which major for many mental illness symptom does this pertain to “ lack of pleasure”?
Anhedonia
MDD & Happiness:
Which pleasure is driven by mesotelencephalic dopaminergic pathway?
Anticipatory
MDD & Happiness:
Which pleasure is driven by both dopamine and opiod receptor activation?
Consumatory
MDD & Happiness:
The dompamine system has a region known as NAc (Nucleus Accumbens) what is this area responsible for?
Motivation and goal directed behavior
Language:
Which procedure was used to determine that the left hemisphere is dominant for speech?
WADA Procedure
Language:
What area of the brain is this “Left region frontal lobe responsible for speech articulation”?
Broca’s area
Language:
What area of the brain is this “Superior surface of left temporal lobebetween auditory cortex and angular gyrus, lesions disrupt normal speech.” ?
Wernickes Area
Language:
Primary Type of Aphasia: If someone has this aphasia there will be
-Difficulty speaking, but understand spoken/heard
language
– Paraphasic errors
– Pause to search for words, repeat “overlearned” things, difficulty repeating words
Broca’s Aphasia (motor, nonfluent aphasia)
Language:
Primary Type of Aphasia: If someone has this aphasia there will be
Symptoms: Mixture of clarity and gibberish, undisturbed by sound of own or other’s speech
Characteristics: Correct words in incorrect sequence, incorrect word similar to correct word
Wernicke’s (receptive) aphasia
(Fluent speech, poor comprehension)
Language:
Which studies removed corpus collusum (main fibers connecting the brain) optic chiasm input from left field is processsed in the right hemisphere but since its removed the right hemisphere cannot send information to the left side?
Split Brain Studies (Sperry)
Language:
Speech irregularities
result from stimulation of two other
site, What are those two other sites?
- posterior parietal lobe near
the Sylvian fissure - Temporal lobe
Language:
Language studies using brain stimulation uses NAGMRJ what does this stand for ?
- N – naming difficulties
- A – arrested speech
- G – Grammatical errors
- M – Facial tics
- R – Reading failures
- J – Jargon
Language:
FOXP2, CNTNAP2, and KIAA0319 are all what kind of mutations?
Specific Language Impairment
Dyslexia: a learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate
to letters and words; appears to have strong genetic link. What gene is it stroongly correlated to?
KIAA0319
Brain Rhthyms:
What are 6 of the brain rhthyms?
1.Gamma
2.Beta
3.Alpha
4.Mu
5.Theta
6.Delta
Brain Rhthyms:
What brain rhthyms is categorized at 25-100 Hz and is active thought?
Gamma
Brain Rhthyms:
What brain rhthyms is activated cortex and categorized at 14-20 Hz and is state is alert, working?
Beta
Brain Rhthyms:
What brain rhthym is categorized as a quiet walking state causing daydreaming and creativity at 8-13Hz making you relaxed and reflective?
Alpha
Brain Rhthyms:
which rhthym is similar to alpha, largest over
motor and somatosensory areas?
Mu
Which brain rhthym is at 4-7Hz causong some sleep states making you drowsy and meditative?
Theta
Brain Rhthyms:
Which brain rhthym will show less than 4Hz is at deep sleep causing you to be sleepy & dreaming?
Delta
Brain Rhthyms:
What oscillation occurs when sleeping and receives thalamus input?
Spindles
Brain Rhthyms:
What oscillation occurs in brief episodes in the hippocampus?
Riples
Brain Rhthyms:
*blank *are created by the thslamus pacemaker
Spindles
This synchronized oscillation mechanism is generated in the thalamus(pacemaker) then to massive corical input influencing the cortex, what pacemaker is this?
Central Clock Pacemaker
What are the four waves of sleep?
1.N1
2.N2
3.N3
4.N4
Which sleep wave is alpha rhthyms of sleep?
N1
Which sleep wave is a spindle from the thalamus pacemaker causing no eye movement?
N2
Which sleep wave is a slow delta rhthym?
N3
*
Which sleep wave is the deepest sleep stage at 2Hz or less EEG rhthym?
N4
“Hallucinating brain in paralyzed body”
REM Sleep
“Idling brain in a movable body”
Non-REM sleep
-Critical neurons Diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems (controls thalamus)
– General decrease in firing rates of most modulatory neurons.
– Noradrenergic and serotoninergic neurons: Fire during and enhance waking state
– Cholinergic neurons: enhance REM events
– Serotonin from raphe nuclei decreased during REM sleep
– REM sleep: Limbic system and extrastriate cortex more active. Frontal lobes less
active.
– Hypocretin (Orexin) peptides (neurotransmitters) promote wakefulness, inhibit REM
sleep. Secreted by hypothalamus
Neural Mechanisms of Sleep
What are the four types of sleeping disorders ?
- Insomnia
- Sleep Apnea
- Restless Leg Syndrome
- Narcolepsy
Which sleep disorder causes a disorder
causing unpleasant crawling, prickling,
or tingling sensations in the legs and
feet, and an urge to move them about for
relief?
Restless leg syndrome
Which sleep disorder is interrupted breathing
during sleep. Mostly in obese individuals.?
Sleep Apnea
Which sleep disorder has many causes and is the inability to sleep?
Insomia
blank patients often have less hypocretin
(orexin) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.
Narcoleptic
Memory:
Damage to diencephalon
leads to blank
amnesia
Memory:
Lesions cause “blank”
anterograde amnesia
Memory:
Which memory syndrome is caused by chronic alcoholism
* Characterized by confusion, memory impairments, and apathy
* Patients usually have lesions in dorsomedial thalamus?
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Memory:
Which experiment was used in behavioral neuroscience for studying neural mechanisms of spatial learning and memory?
Morris Water Maze
What part of the brain is required for spatial memory?
Hippocampus
Lesions to striatum disrupt
procedural memory (habit learning)
Nondeclarative Memory
caudate nucleus and
putamen of basal ganglia (control
voluntary movement) is whar
statium
“train to recognize card patterns” is an example of what memory?
Nondeclarative memory
Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus: LTD causes ___ frequency stimulation weaking synapse
low
Which memory is based off facts and events in one’s life
– Episodic (events) or Semantic (facts)?
Declarative Memory
Which memory is – Procedural memory based off skills, habits?
Nondeclarative memory
Declarative Memory triggers what parts of the brain?
Medial Temporal lobe & Diencephalon
NOnDeclarative Memory triggers what parts of the brain?
Striatum, Cerebellum, Amygdala
What disorder causes Serious loss of memory and/or ability to learn?
Amnesia
What kind of amnesia makes you Forget things you already knew?
Retrograde Amnesia
What kind of amnesia causes the Inability to form new memories?
Anterograde Amnesia
Which theory is this External events (sensory inputs) are represented by cortical cells
– Cells reciprocally interconnected:
Cells that fire together, wire together
Cells out of sync lose their link
Supports the concept of “distributed memory”?
Hebbs theory on plasticity
What experiment is this “Chemical switch to activate Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) expression in few
activated hippocampal neurons (engram neurons recruited by sensory information of the context).
* ChR2 activated by blue light later on in a different context to reactivate the memory of previous context and reconsolidate with the new context.”
Creating false memories
- Correlated pre- and post-synaptic
activities cause synapse
strengthening and stabilization. - Uncorrelated pre- and post-synaptic
activities cause synapse weakening
and their elimination (Corollary)
hebbs rule
