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Vision Perceptual Learning Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common childhood disorder requiring special education? In what % of school children is this found in?

A

Learning disability

- 5-15%

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for a child to have a learning disability?

A
  1. genetics
  2. social/biological factors
  3. maternal nutrition
  4. premature birth
  5. Low birth weight
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3
Q

For a given socioeconomic status, a lower birthweight can equal what?

A

lower IQ

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4
Q

This is the major premise that a significant discrepancy exists between the child’s potential and actual level of academic or language skills

A

Learning disability

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5
Q

How many children receive special education in school for a learning disability in the US?

A

over 6 million

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6
Q

The specific manifestations of learning disabilities are found in what 3 specific domains?

A
  1. reading
  2. writing
  3. math
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7
Q

What are the key characteristics of the medical definiton of a LD?

A
  1. Must have 1/6 symptoms of LD even with 6 mo of tx
  2. imapairment in academic, occupational and everyday activities
  3. age of onset is school year
  4. specific disorders must be r/o
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8
Q

This means the child has a reading disorder.

A

Dyslexia

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9
Q

This means the child has difficulty transferring language into written output.

A

Dysgraphia

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10
Q

This means the child has difficulty in understanding numbers and concepts

A

Dyscalculia

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11
Q

What is the most common childhood learning disorder?

A

Dyslexia

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12
Q

Visual efficiency contributes to what 3 things?

A
  1. Accommodation
  2. Binocularity
  3. Ocular motility
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13
Q

Optometrists can identify, evaluate and treat what 3 things?

A
  1. VA
  2. Visual efficiency
  3. Visual processing
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14
Q

Visual information process begins with what?

A

Perception

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15
Q

This is an active process of locating and extracting information from the environment using sense organs.

A

Perception

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16
Q

Visual perception is what type of learned process?

A

Learned, dynamic process

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17
Q

What are the two subtypes of dyslexia?

A
  1. Auditory-Linguistic

2. Visual-Spatial

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18
Q

This type of dyslexia has a low verbal IQ; can hear the word but can’t spell it out.

A

Auditory-Linguistic

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19
Q

This type of dyslexia has a low performan IQ; has issues recognizing a word even if they just read it.

A

Visual-Spatial

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20
Q

Dysphonetic is found in 63% of children. What subtype of dyslexia is this?

A

Auditory-linguistic

- spells by sight, not by ear

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21
Q

Dyseidetic is found in 9% of children. What subtype of dyslexia is this?

A

Visual-spatial

- spells by ear, not by sight

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22
Q

What ratio of children have pure perceptual disorders? mixed disorder?

A

1 in 5 pure
1 in 5 mixed
total = 2 in 5 LD have vision factors

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23
Q

T/F: The expected outcome of OD treatment is improvement in visual function?

A

True

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24
Q

Optometric intervention for ppl with learning-related vision problems consists of what 3 things?

A
  1. Lenses
  2. Prisms
  3. VT
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25
Automaticity is important in skills acquisition. What are the 2 subgroups?
1. Simultaneous | 2. Successive/Sequential
26
Children with a learning disorder have what type of vision deficit?
Magnocellular vision deficit
27
The transient processing system is what? and the Sustained transient system is what?
``` Transient = magnocellular Sustained = parvocellular ```
28
T/F: Alterations in the order, timing or processing speed of the two systems can result in a visual processing deficit.
True
29
While reading, performing fixations involves which processing system?
Sustained, parvocellular
30
While reading, performing saccades involves which processing system?
transient, magnocellular
31
This system diminishes persistence effect of sustained channels by erasing pattern information from previous fixation.
Transient
32
If the transient system does not erase information, what 3 issues occur?
1. patters overlap 2. masking doesn't occur 3. reading is confusing and inefficient
33
This test the patient's ability to name a visual stimuli quickly; highly predictive of dyslexia.
Rapid Automatized Naming (RAN)
34
If a patient does visual-visual pattern matching, what type of testing is this?
Intramodal
35
If a patient does auditory-visual matching, what type of testing is this?
Intermodal | - say a word and match it
36
Learning is best facilitated through what type of learning style?
Intermodal
37
What is the mean and SD for scaled, standard and t-scores?
``` Scaled = 10; 3 Standard = 100;15 T-score = 50; 10 ```
38
This is the raw score that is characteristic of a particular age in a normative sample.
Age Equivalent
39
This compares an individuals performance with the average students in a particular grade.
Grade Equivalent
40
This identifies the order in which a child should reach successive stages of development for a specific behavior/skill.
Developmental stage norms
41
This is a reasonable estimate of the range of fluctuation expected in a child's score.
Standard Error of Measurement (SEM)
42
The more reliable the test, the ____ the SEM.
smaller
43
To calculate the standard error of measurement, what 2 things must you know?
1. standard deviation | 2. reliability measure for the instrument or test
44
This is the ability to understand directional concepts that organize external visual space.
Visual spatial skills | - i.e. Laterality and directionality
45
This is the ability to be internally aware of left and right on oneself.
Laterality
46
This is the ability to interpret right and left directions in external space.
Directionality
47
By what age should a child know their left vs. right on self?
6 yo.
48
Visual Motor Integration (Beery) requires what 3 things?
1. visual form perception 2. fine motor coord. 3. use of visual and motor systems
49
WISC IV has how many indices?
4 index scores - provides a full scale IQ
50
This measures word knowledge and retrieval.
Vocabulary
51
This measures verbal concepts and reasoning.
Similarities
52
This is social knowledge and awareness, ability to evaluate and use past experience.
Comprehension
53
This is acquisition, retention and recall of verbally encoded, factual...
Information
54
Perceptual reasoning index is related to what 2 things?
1. Vision | 2. Visual perception
55
This measures the working memory processes applied to the manipulation of orally presented verbal sequences.
Working memory index
56
What is a major factor in processing speed index?
Attention
57
What IQ score is significantly below average?
<70
58
What is the average range of IQ scores?
80-119
59
Index scores help ODs to determine what 2 things?
1. verbal vs. nonverbal abilities | 2. whether VT will be effective
60
Visual perception is what type of deficit?
Significant primary deficit
61
Visual attention is what type of deficit?
Secondary deficit
62
Visual memory is what type of deficit?
Tertiary deficit
63
What are the 3 components of ADHD?
1. Hyperactivity 2. Impusivity 3. Inattention
64
What age must ADHD onset ?
must have a problem before the age of 7
65
What are the 2 inventories used to dx ADHD?
1. Child behavior Check list | 2. Conner's
66
What are the 3 ways optometrists can intervene and help?
1. Correct RE 2. Tx Visual efficiency anomalies 3. Tx/Address/refer Visual Info Processing aomalies

Pediatrics (10 decks)

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