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SPECIAL SENSES > VISION part II > Flashcards

VISION part II Flashcards

1
Q
  • the act of seeing, is extremely important to human survival
  • more than half the
    sensory receptors in the human body are located in the eyes, and a large part of the cerebral
    cortex is devoted to processing visual information
A

VISION

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2
Q

what are the accessory structures of the eye

A

eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

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3
Q

protect the eyes from foreign objects, from
perspiration and direct rays from the
sun

A

EYEBROWS AND EYELASHES

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4
Q
  • shades the eyes
    during sleep
  • also, it protect the eyes
    from excessive light and foreign
    objects, and spread lubricating
    secretions over the eyeballs.
A

UPPER AND LOWER EYELIDS (PALPEBRAE)

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5
Q

LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS MUSCLE

A

PALPEBRAL FISSURE - lateral and medial commissure
TARSAL PLATE

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6
Q

narrower and closer to the temporal bone

A

LATERAL COMMISSURE

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7
Q

s broader and nearer the nasal bone

A

MEDIAL COMMISSURE

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8
Q
  • small, reddish elevation
  • contains oil and sweat glands
A

LACRIMAL CARUNCLE

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9
Q

thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and
support to the eyelids

A

TARSAL PLATE

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10
Q

row of elongated modified sebaceous glands that secrete a fluid that helps keep
the eyelids from adhering to each other

A

TARSAL GLANDS or MEIBOMIAN GLANDS

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11
Q

thin, protective mucous membrane composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells that is supported by
areolar connective tissue

A

CONJUNCTIVA

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12
Q

lines the inner aspect of the eyelids

A

PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA

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13
Q

passes from the eyelids onto the surface of the eyeball, where it covers the sclera but not the cornea

A

BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA

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14
Q
  • is a group of structures that produces and drains lacrimal fluid or tears
A

LACRIMAL APPARATUS

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15
Q
  • production of tears of lacrimal fluid is a process called
A

LACRIMATION

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16
Q

It is about the shape & size of an almond, secretes lacrimal
fluid which drains into 6-12 excretory lacrimal ducts.

A

LACRIMAL GLAND

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17
Q
  • opening
  • These are 2 small openings in each of
    the papilla of the eyelid at the midline commissure of the eye
A

LACRIMAL PUNCTA/PUNCTUM

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18
Q

These are 2 small ducts connected with to each
lacrimal punctum

A

LACRIMAL CANALS/CANALICULI

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19
Q

It is the expanded portion of the nasolacrimal duct

A

LACRIMAL SAC

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20
Q

It carries the lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity

A

NASOLACRIMAL DUCT

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21
Q

produced is a watery solution containing salts, some mucus, and lysozyme

A

LACRIMAL FLUID

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22
Q

protective bactericidal enzyme

A

LYSOZYME

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23
Q
  • each gland produces __ ml of lacrimal fluid per day
A

1 ML

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24
Q

PHYSIOLOGY OF TEAR PRODUCTION

A
  • STRONG EMOTIONS/IRRITATING SUBSTANCES
  • increases parasympathetic
    stimulation
  • Stimulates production of lacrimal fluid by the lacrimal gland
  • passes thru the lacrimal ducts
  • spills over the eyelids
  • spreads over the surface of the eyeball
  • enters the lacrimal punctum
  • passes thru the superior and inferior lacrimal
    canal
  • lacrimal sac
  • nasolacrimal duct
  • nasal cavity
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25
Q
  • eyes sit in the bony depressions of the skull called
A

ORBITS

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26
Q

6 EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES

A
  • 4 STRAIGHT RECTI MUSCLES
  • 2 OBLIQUE MUSCLES
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27
Q

turns the eye upward

A
  • SR (superior rectus) - OCULOMOTOR
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28
Q

turns the eye downward

A
  • IR (inferior rectus) - OCULOMOTOR
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29
Q

turns the eye toward midline

A

MR (midline rectus) - OCULOMOTOR

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30
Q

turns the eye towards lateral side

A

LR (lateral rectus) - ABDUCENS

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31
Q

they preserve rotational stability of the eyeball

A

2 oblique muscles

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32
Q

rotates the eyeball so the cornea turns in
a downward & outward direction

A

superior oblique (trochlear)

33
Q

rotates the eyeball so the cornea turns in
a upward & outward direction

A

inferior oblique (oculomotor)

34
Q

EYEBALL is also called as

A

BULBUS OCULI

35
Q

spherical in shape
- It measures about 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter
- Of its total surface area, only the anterior 1/6 is exposed

A

EYEBALL

36
Q

the bony pyramidal shaped cavity of the skull that holds the eyeball

A

ORBIT

37
Q

3 LAYERS OF EYEBALL

A
  • FIBROUS TUNIC
  • VASCULAR TUNIC (UVEA)
  • NERVOUS TUNIC (RETINA)
38
Q
  • is the superficial layer of the eyeball and consists of the anterior cornea and posterior sclera outer layer
  • It is AVASCULAR
A

FIBROUS TUNIC

39
Q

is a transparent coat that covers the colored iris. It is located on the
anterior portion and has no capillaries

A

CORNEA

40
Q

outer surface of cornea consists of

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

41
Q

middle surface of cornea consists of

A

collage fibers, fibroblasts

42
Q

inner surface of cornea consists of

A

squamous simple epithelium

43
Q
  • is the “white” of the eye, is a layer of dense connective tissue made up
    mostly of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
A

SCLERA

44
Q
  • opening located at the
    junction of the sclera and cornea.
  • Aqueous humor (a fluid), drains into this
    sinus
A

CANAL OF SCHLEM

45
Q

FIBROUS TUNIC has 3 parts

A
  • cornea
  • sclera
  • canal of schlem
46
Q

is the middle layer of the eyeball. It contains lots of
blood vessels

A

VASCULAR TUNIC/UVEA

47
Q

posterior portion of the vascular tunic, lines most of the internal surface of the sclera. Its numerous blood vessels provide nutrients
to the posterior surface of the retina

A

CHOROID

48
Q

Choroid contains ____________ that produce pigment for melanin

A

MELANOCYTES

49
Q

absorbs stray light rays, which
prevents reflection and scattering of light within the eyeball.

A

MELANIN

50
Q

is the anterior portion of the vascular layer. It is the thickest
portion of the vascular tunic which extends from the ORA SERRATA

A

CILLIARY BODY

51
Q
  • the jagged anterior margin of the retina
A

ORA SERRATA

52
Q

protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the
ciliary body

A

CILIARY PROCESS

53
Q

what do you call the suspensory ligaments that attach to the lens

A

ZONULAR FIBERS

54
Q

circular band of smooth muscle. Contraction or
relaxation of the ciliary muscle changes the tightness of the zonular
fibers, which alters the shape of the lens, adapting it for near or far vision

A

CILIARY MUSCLE

55
Q

DISTANT VISION

A

lens are relatively flat

56
Q

DISTANT VISION - physiology

A

When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the suspensory ligaments of the ciliary body maintain elastic pressure on the perimeter of the
lens, keeping it relatively FLAT, allowing for distant vision

57
Q

NEAR VISION

A

lens bulges/increases in its curvature

58
Q

NEAR VISION - PHYSIOLOGY

A

When an object is brought closer than 20 ft to the eyes, the ciliary
muscles contract as a result of parasympathetic stimulation, pulling
the ciliary body toward the lens
- this reduces tension on the suspensory ligaments of the lens,
allowing the lens to assume a more spherical form

59
Q

It is flexible, biconvex, transparent disc (crystal-clear). It is located just posterior to the
pupil and iris.

A

LENS

60
Q
  • the lens is made up of
A

65% of water
35% of CHON

61
Q

proteins found in the lens, arranged like the layers of an onion, make up the refractive media of the lens, which normally is perfectly transparent and lacks blood vessels

A

CRYSTALINS

62
Q

MAIN FUNCTION OF LENS

A

PRINCIPAL REFRACTIVE MEDIUM

63
Q

THE ANTERIOR CAVITY OF LENS IS FILLED WITH ______

A

AQUEOUS HUMOR

64
Q

ANTERIOR CAVITY consists of two chambers

A
  1. anterior chamber - lies between cornea and iris
  2. posterior chamber - lies behind the iris and in front of the zonular fibers and lens
65
Q

what if the normal IOP

A

16mmHg

66
Q

PRODUCTION and DRAINAGE of the AQUEOUS HUMOR

A

 It is produced by the CHOROID PLEXUS (a network of capillaries)
 Aqueous humor continually filters out of blood capillaries in the ciliary
processes of the ciliary body and enters the posterior chamber.
 It then flows forward between the iris and the lens, through the pupil,
and into the anterior chamber.
 From the anterior chamber, aqueous humor drains into the scleral
venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) and then into the blood.
 Normally, aqueous humor is completely replaced about every 90
minutes.

67
Q
  • LARGE CAVITY OF EYEBALL
A

POSTERIOR CAVITY

68
Q

POSTERIOR CAVITY IS FILLED WITH

A

VITREOUS HUMOR

69
Q

composed of 99% water, it is transparent,
jelly-like substance. Also, contains phagocytic cells that remove
debris, keeping the post cavity clear

A

VITREOUS HUMOR

70
Q

narrow channel that runs thru the vitreous
body from the optic disc to the posterior aspect of the lens

A

HYALOID CANAL

71
Q

colored portion of the eyeball, is shaped like a flattened donut

A

IRIS

72
Q

IRIS IS MADE UP OF CONTRACTILE MUSCLES THAT SURROUND AN OPENING CALLED

A

PUPIL

73
Q

PRINCIPAL FUNCTION OF IRIS

A

regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball
through the pupil, the hole in the center of the iris

74
Q

2 TYPES OF MUSCLES IN THE IRIS

A
  1. CIRCULAR MUSCLES or SPHINCTER PUPILLAE
  2. RADIAL MUSCLES or DILATOR PUPILLAE
75
Q

if bright light, which muscles contract?

A

the circular muscles contract, thus constriction of pupils

76
Q

if dim light, which muscles contract?

A

the radial muscles contract, thus dilation of the pupils

77
Q

as light intensity increases, the pupil _____

A

decreases in diameter/CONSTRICTS

78
Q

as light intensity decreases, the pupil ______

A

increases in diameter/DILATES

SPECIAL SENSES (7 decks)

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