Vision Loss And Blindness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major blood supply to the eye

A

Ophthalmic artery branches

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2
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of a CRAO

A

Sudden profound vision loss
Painless
RAPD
pale oedematous retina with thread like retinal vessels

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3
Q

What is a key feature of a CRAO

A

Cherry red spot- normal fovea easily seen against pale background

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4
Q

What are the causes of CRAO

A

Carotid artery disease
Emboli from the heart (unusual)
Giant cell arteritis

CRAO is a form of stroke

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of amaurosis fugax (transient CRAO)

A

Transient painless Vision loss (like a curtain coming down)
Lasts 5 mins with full recovery
Usually nothing abnormal on examination
Refer to stroke unit

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6
Q

What are the symptoms/signs of CRVO?

A

Sudden vision loss
Retinal haemorrhages
Dilated tortuous veins
Disc and macular swellings

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7
Q

What is ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Occlusion of the optic nerve head
Posterior ciliary arteries become occluded

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of GCA

A

Headache/scalp tenderness
Enlarged temporal arteries

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9
Q

How is GCA treated

A

Steroids

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10
Q

What is vitreous haemorrhage?

A

Bleeding from abnormal new blood vessels which have grown due to ischaemia eg in diabetes
OR
bleeding from normal retinal vessels eg bridging a retinal tear

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11
Q

What kind of vision loss does a vitreous haemorrhage cause?

A

Sudden Vision loss

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of a retinal detachment?

A

Painless loss of vision/visual field defect
Sudden onset of flashes/floaters

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13
Q

What are the signs of retinal detachment

A

RAPD
May see tear on ophthalmoscopy

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14
Q

What does a detachment at the bottom of the eye mean?

A

Loss of vision at the top

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15
Q

What is ARMD?

A

Commonest cause of blindness in the UK
unknown cause

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16
Q

What are the types of ARMD?

A

Wet- sudden vision loss
Dry- gradual vision loss

17
Q

What is wet ARMD

A

New blood vessels grow under retina, leakage causes a build up of fluid/blood and eventually scarring

18
Q

What are some signs/symptoms of wet ARMD

A

Rapid central vision loss
Distortion
Haemorrhage/exudate

19
Q

What are the features of glaucoma

A

Results in optic nerve damage
Pathogenesis is not well understood
Lots of different types of glaucoma

20
Q

What causes a closed angle glaucoma?

A

Aqueous humour has increased resistance through iris/lens channel
This causes peripheral angle to bow forwards obstructing trabecular meshwork

21
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of a closed angle glaucoma?

A

Painful eye
Sudden visual loss
Headache
Nausea
Red eye
Cloudy cornea
Hard eye
Mid dilated pupil
Must lower IOP

22
Q

What is cataracts?

A

Cloudiness of the lens

23
Q

What are some causes of cataracts?

A

Age related
Congenital
Metabolic
Drug induced
Intra uterine infection

24
Q

What are some cataract symptoms?

A

Gradual vision loss (hazy/blurred)
Loss of red reflex

25
What is the management of cataracts?
Management is surgical removal (phacoemulsification) with an intra ocular lens implant if patient is symptomatic
26
What are the symptoms/signs of dry ARMD
Gradual decline in vision Central vision missing (scotoma) Drusens sign- build up of waste products below RPE Atrophic patch of retina
27
What is the treatment for dry ARMD
No cure Supportive treatment only Low vision aids Visual impairment registration Social support
28
What causes open angle glaucoma?
Connective tissue beams forming trabecular meshwork- reduced aqueous outflow here causes increased IOP
29
What are the signs/symptoms of open angle glaucoma?
Often no symptoms May/may not have high IOP Cupped disc= loss of retinal ganglion cells Visual field defects
30
What does a larger optic cup mean?
More damage caused by glaucoma