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ophthamology > pharmacology > Flashcards

pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the requirements for a topical eye drop to work?

A

needs to act on surface
requires corneal penetration

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2
Q

which drug penetrates the epithelium?

A

Lipid soluble drugs penetrate epithelium

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3
Q

which drugs penetrate the stroma?

A

Water soluble drugs penetrate stroma

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4
Q

what are the features of prednisolone acetate?

A

hydrophobic
Good penetration in uninflamed cornea
Used post-operatively

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5
Q

what are the features of prednisolone phosphate?

A

hydrophilic
Poor penetration in uninflamed cornea
Used for cornea disease or when want low dose steroids

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6
Q

how is corneal penetration enhancement achieved?

A

Benzalkonium is a preservative.
Also disrupts lipid layer of tear film
Aids penetration of some drugs

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7
Q

what other routes of administration for eye meds are there

A

Subconjunctival
Subtenons
Intravitreal
Intracameral

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8
Q

what do opthalmic drugs treat?

A

Treatment of Infections
Treatment of Inflammation
Treatment of Glaucoma
Diagnostic eye drops
Intraocular injections
Ocular toxicity

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9
Q

when are topical steroids commonly used?

A

post op cataracts
uveitis
to prevent corneal graft rejection

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10
Q

what are some local side effects steroids?

A

cataract
glaucoma
exacerbation of viral infection

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11
Q

what are some systemic side effects of steroids?

A

Gastric ulceration
Immunosuppression
Osteoporosis
Weight gain
Diabetes
Neuropsychiatric effects

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12
Q

what is a key feature of uveitis?

A

photophobia

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13
Q

what is used in hayfever/ allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers

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14
Q

what is glaucoma?

A

A group of diseases characterised by a progressive optic neuropathy resulting in characteristic fields defects.
Raised intra ocular pressure is currently the only modifiable risk factor

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15
Q

what are the features for glaucoma?

A

Usually asymptomatic.
It is screened for by optometrists
Chronic disease
Usually slowly progressive

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16
Q

what is the most common glaucoma medication?

A

Prostanoids eg Latanoprost (‘Xalatan’).

17
Q

what are some other examples of glaucoma medications?

A

Beta blockers (timolol, betaxolol, levobunolol carteolol etc)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors eg topical eg Dorzolamide (‘Trusopt’) or systemic – acetazolamide (Diamox)
Alpha2 adrenergic agonist Brimonidine (‘Alphagan’).
Parasympathomimetic - pilocarpine

Combination - (dorzolamide and timolol - Cosopt ).

18
Q

what are the features of intravitreal drugs

A

Delivers effective concentration of drug at target site instantly BUT many drugs toxic to retina
Used as method of administration of antibiotics in endophthalmitis
Used to deliver intra-ocular steroids
Anti-VEGF

19
Q

what is endopthalmitis?

A

a purulent inflammation of the intraocular fluids (vitreous and aqueous) usually due to infection. Serious intraocular inflammatory disorder resulting from infection of the vitreous cavity.
Progressive vitritis is the hallmark of any form of endophthalmitis.
sight threatening

20
Q

what does a local anaesthetic do?

A

Blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction

21
Q

what is the treatment for wet AMD

A

vaso-endothelial growth factor
monoclonal antibody fragment to VEGF
intravitreal injections

22
Q

whan are diagnostic dyes used (fluorescein)?

A

shows corneal abrasion
dendritic ulcer
identify leaks
tonometry

23
Q

when is local anaesthetic used in opthalmology?

A

FB removal
Tonometry (IOP measurement)
corneal scraping
comfort
Cataract surgery

24
Q

what are some examples of mydriatics?

A

tropicamide, cyclopentolate

25
Q

what are the features of mydriatics?

A

Cause pupil dilation by blocking parasympathetic supply to iris
Cause cycloplegia ie stop lens from focus

Side effects – blurring, AACG

26
Q

what are some features of sympathomimetics?

A

Acts on sympathetic system
Causes pupil to dilate
Some cause cycloplegia eg atropine
Some do not eg phenylephrine

27
Q

do you give steroids to herpetic keratitis?

A

no

ophthamology (13 decks)

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