the retina Flashcards
what are the clinical stages of diabetic retinopathy?
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
Diabetic macular oedema
what are the features of mild to moderate NPDR?
Microaneurysms
Hard exudates
Intraretinal hemorrhages
Patients may be asymptomatic
what are the clinical signs of PDR?
neovascularisation
vitreous haemorrhage and traction
what are the symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage?
Floaters
Severe visual loss
Requires immediate ophthalmologic consultation
what are the fundus findings of pathologic myopia?
Lacquer cracks
Subretinal hemorrhage
Fuchs’ spot
Posterior staphyloma
RPE/choroidal atrophy
Cystoid, paving-stone, lattice degeneration
Retinal thinning/holes
Scleral thinning
CNV
what are the definitions and classifications of retinal tears?
break- full thickness defect in sensory retina
hole- caused by chronic retinal atrophy
tear- caused by dynamic vitreoretinal traction
what are the different types of retinal detachment?
rhegmatogenous- caused by retinal break
non-rhegmatogenous- tractional or exudative
what are the signs of rhegmatogenous RD?
fresh
long standing
proliferative vitreoretinopathy
what are some causes of exudative RD?
intraocular inflammation
- harada disease
- posterior scleritis
systemic
-toxaemia of preganancy
-hypoproteinaemia
iatrogenic
- RD surgery
-excessive retinal photocoagulation
miscellaneous
- choroidal neovascularisation
-uveal effusion syndrome
what is a common patient with central serous chorio-retinopathy?
Healthy male, 30-50 yo, type-A personality
what are the clinical findings of epiretinal membrane?
Metamorphopsia & decreased acuity
Retinal striae
Subretinal fluid or cystic change
Almost always associated with PVD
what are the clinical findings of vitro-macular traction?
Metamorphopsia and decreased vision
Partial posterior vitreous detachment
Vitreous traction on the macula with subretinal fluid accumulation or CME
what are the stages of a macular hole?
Ia: foveolar detachment
II: full-thickness defect <400mm
III: full-thickness defect >400mm, no PVD
IV: stage III with PVD
what layer does fluid cellect in a cystoid macular oedema?
outer plexiform
what are some common causes of cystoid macular oedema?
Postoperative
Uveitis
Retinal venous occlusive disease
Choroidal neovascularization
Epiretinal membrane/VMT
Retinitis pigmentosa
