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Opthomology > Vision Correction > Flashcards

Vision Correction Flashcards

1
Q

What is refraction?

A

bending of light rays as they pass from one transparent medium through another of different density

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2
Q

What is normal refraction?

A

light that is reflected from an object is refracted through the cornea and lens directly onto the retina

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3
Q

When does myopia occur?

A

the refracting power of the eye is too strong

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4
Q

THe contact lens for myopia is shaped how?

A

minus and divergent

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5
Q

When does hyperopia occur?

A

the refracting power of the eye is weak

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6
Q

If contact lens for hyperopia is shaped how?

A

plus and convergent

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7
Q

What kind of lens is astigmatism corrected with?

A

spherical lens

toric- a lens with different optical power and focal length in two orientations perpendicular to each other

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8
Q

So for myopia and astigmatism what will the lens look like?

A

spherical and divergent

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9
Q

What is an incisional procedure that corrects vision?

A

Radial keratotomy

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10
Q

What is the most common surgical procedure for vision correction?

A

LASIK

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11
Q

What does LASIK stand for?

A

laser-assisted in situ keratomilusis

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12
Q

Which procedures are surface ablation procedures?

3

A
  1. photorefractive kertotoamy (PRK),
  2. laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK) and
  3. epitherilial laser keratomileusis (epi-LASIK)
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13
Q

What procedures are intracorneal procedures?

A

corneal inlays

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14
Q

Name a generic term, which includes all surgical procedures on the cornea to improve vision by changing the shape, and thus the refractive index of the corneal surface?

A

Refractive keratoplasty

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15
Q

What are three types of refractive keratoplasties?

A
  1. Keratotomies, ie corneal incisions
  2. Keratectomies, ie removal of corneal epithelium
  3. Keratomileusis, ie reshaping a stromal layer of the cornea
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16
Q

What are some precautions for patient selection for vision correction surgery?

A

patients with presbyopia in patietns 60-69 (higher retreatment rates)

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17
Q

Contraindications for vision correction surgery?

6

A
  1. Autoimmune disease
  2. collagen vascular disease and 3. immunodeficiency disease affect corneal healing
  3. Women who are pregnant or nursing have fluctuating visual acuity
  4. Patients with abnormal wound healing (keloids) may have abnormal corneal healing
  5. DM—can perform if well-controlled, without cataract or diabetic retinopathy
18
Q

Specific ocular contraindications for vision correction surgery?
7

A
  1. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome)
  2. Exposure keratitis
  3. Neurotrophic keratitis (degenerative disease caused by impaired corneal innervation)
  4. Lid disorder affecting the tear layer
  5. Patient with a h/o herpetic keratitis
  6. Any patient with an abnormal shaped cornea
  7. Sever rosacea
19
Q

Why dont we use radial keratotomy anymore?

What kind of vision impairment was it used for?

A

Not accurate
didnt work in everyone
higher risk of infection
have to do second eye six weeks apart

incisions in periphery make central cornea flatter

myopia

20
Q

Describe HE Excimer laser surgery

A

Emits an ultraviolet beam with sufficient energy to break intermolecular bonds with the cornea (“photoablation”)

Using UV beam to break bonds in cornea removing discrete volumes of cornea stroma

21
Q

In LASIK surgery what is our goal in farsighted people?
Nearsighted people?
Astigmatism?

A

to flatten the too steep cornea
to steepen the too flat cornea
smoothing irregular cornea into a more normal shape

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of LASIK?

4

A
  1. Changes made to the cornea cannot be reversed after LASIK
  2. Technically complex—problems may occur when the doctor cuts the flap which can permanently affect vision
  3. Can sometimes bt rarely cause a loss of “best” vision
    (Your best vision is the highest degree of vision that you achieved while wearing your contacts or eyeglasses)
  4. Costs $500-$1000 per eye
23
Q

Advantages of LASIK

5

A
  1. Around 90% of patients will have their desired vision
  2. Associated with very little pain
  3. Vision is corrected nearly immediately or by the day after
  4. No bandages or stitches
  5. Adjustments can be made years after to further correct vision
24
Q

Potenital side affects of LASIK?

6

A
  1. Discomfort for 24-48 hrs after surgery
  2. Glare
  3. Seeing halos around images
  4. Difficulty driving at night
  5. Fluctuating vision
  6. Dry eyes
25
Q

In Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK) where is corneal tissue removed in myopia?
In hyperopia?

A

myopia- is removed in its center

hyperopia- removed in its periphery

26
Q

What takes longer to heal LASIK, RK or PRK?

A

PRK is the longest
and has a greater potential for scarring
dont see results as quick

27
Q

Describe LASEK vision correction

A

A very thin corneal flap is made (70 microns)
A few drops of a 20% alcohol solution are instilled and left on the cornea for 30 seconds that washed with water and dried
The eximer laser treats the stroma just like in LASIK

Uses alcohol, LASIK doesnt

28
Q

Advantages of LASEK?

3

A
  1. Thinner corneal flap may avoid corneal ectasia (cornea bows anteriorly)
  2. LASIK requires more complicated equipment
  3. Risks of infection are easier to manage with a thinner flap
29
Q

Disadvantages of LASEK?

3

A
  1. The thin corneal flap may dislodge postop causing greater pain
  2. Slower optical recovery time
  3. Can cause stromal haze in treated myopic patients
30
Q

What kind of vision can crystalens affect?

A

hyperopia or presbyopia

31
Q

What does the crystalens proceddure consist of?

A

The natural lens of the eye is removed and replaced with a plastic lens

32
Q

Replacing the natural lens of the eye with crystalens eliminates the chance of what?

A

cataracts

33
Q

Describe orthokeratology

A

Non surgical procedure by which a special contact lenses are worn at nighttime that slowly reshape the cornea over time to correct myopia

34
Q

What is vitamin A help with in the eye?

2 other things too not associated with the eye

A

Necessary for night vision,

wound healing and proper functioning of the immune system.

35
Q

What vitamin helps reduce chronic inflammation and prevents homocysteine in the blood associated with vascular problems of the retina?

A

Vitamin B complex

36
Q

What vitamin could help reduce the risk of macular degeneration and help in the treatment of uveitis?

A

B vitamins

37
Q

How does vitamin C help the eye?

A

Potent antioxidant associated with reduced risk of cataracts

38
Q

How does vitamin D help the eye?

A

Associated with lower risk of macular degeneration

39
Q

How does vitamin E help the eye?

A

Associated with lower risk of cataracts

40
Q

How does Omega 3s help the eye?

A

reduces risk of dry eye

41
Q

What are some photochemical antioxidents?

A

ginkgo, biloba and bilberry which may provide protection form oxidative stress in the eyes

42
Q

What kind of vitamins should we not take too many of?

A

fat soluble

Opthomology (14 decks)

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