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Opthomology > Anterior Chamber Disorders > Flashcards

Anterior Chamber Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What device do we use to help diagnose glaucoma?

A

tonopens

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2
Q

Types of glaucoma?

3

A
  1. Open-angle glaucoma
  2. Angle-closure glaucoma (sudden closure)
  3. Acute angle-closure glaucoma
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3
Q

What is happening in open angle glaucoma?

A

Optic neuropathy results in progressive loss of retinal ganglion cell axons
-first lose your visual fields then central vision as it progresses to blindness

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4
Q

Risk factors for open angle glaucoma?

7

A
  1. Age: 1%
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5
Q

What is being damaged in glaucoma?

What causes this damage?

A

slow progressive damage to the optic nerve

Increased internal ocular pressure

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6
Q

Symtpoms of primary open angle glaucoma?

A

symptoms are rarely experienced until central vision is affected. Once vision is lost it cannot be recovered

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7
Q

How do we diagnose primary open angle glaucoma?

A

funduscopic exam and visual acuity with the presence of elevated intraocular pressure

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8
Q

What in a funduscopic exam would indicate open angle glaucoma?

A

presence of cupping

–A cup that is greater than 50 percent of the vertical disc diameter is a useful threshold for suspicion of glaucoma.

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9
Q

What is the cup and what is the disc?

A

the cup is the optic nerve and the disc is the impression made by the nerves

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10
Q

Whats the normal cup to disc ratio?

A

1/3

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11
Q

How does glaucoma affect the cup size?

What will the rim of the nerve on the temporal side tell us?

A

makes it larger in a vertical oval type pattern

If it is very thin or sloped it will be more likely to have glaucoma

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12
Q

What is primary angle closure glaucoma characterized by?

What does this cause?

A

by narrowing or closure of the anterior chamber angle

This narrows or closes the normal drainage pathway of the aqueous humor which then builds up leading to elevated IOP
= damage of optic nerve

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13
Q

Risk factors for primary angle closure glaucoma?

6

A
  1. Family history
  2. Age older than 40 or 50 years
  3. Female
  4. Hyperopia (farsightedness)
  5. Medications—decongestants, antipsychotics, antidepressants
  6. Race—Inuit and Asian populations
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14
Q

Pathophysiology of chronic glaucoma?

3

A
  1. abnormal internal pressure resulting from aqueous fluid blockage
  2. clogged trabecular meshwork leading to drainage canal
  3. optic nerve endings slowly deteriorate under abnormal pressure
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15
Q

Symptoms of chronic glaucoma?

A

usually asymptomatic

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16
Q

How would we diagnose chronic glaucoma?

5

A
  1. Glaucomatous optic nerve damage (thinning, cupping or notching of the disc rim)
  2. AND the presence of characteristic abnormalities in the visual field in the absence of other causes for a field defect
  3. Adult onset
  4. Open, normal appearing anterior chamber angles
  5. Absence of known (secondary) causes of glaucoma
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17
Q

Do all patients with open angle glaucoma have elevated IOP?

A

no. most do but some don’t

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18
Q

A IOP of what would make us call an emergency referral?

A

over 40mmHg

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19
Q

An IOP of what would make us call an urgent referral?

And what is the time frame for an urgent referral?

A

30-40 mmHg

Within 24 hrs, if no symtpoms suggesting acute glaucoma

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20
Q

If pressure is at 25-29mmHg what would we do?

A

evaulate again in a week

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21
Q

If pressure is t 23-24mmHg what should we do?

A

repeat the measurement to confirm and or referral for a comprehensive eye exam

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22
Q

Whats a normal IOP?

A

12-20mmHg

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23
Q

The American Academy of Ophtho recommends screening for glaucoma as part of the comprehesive adult eye exam. What procedures does this include? 3

A
  1. measuring IOP,

2. evaluating the optic nerve and 3. testing for visual field defects

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24
Q

When should we be tested for glaucoma wihout any risk factors from ages 40-60?

With risk factors?

A

every 3-5 years

1-2 years

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25
Q

What are the three types of treatment options for glaucoma

A

medications (eyedrops)
laser surgery
incisional surgery

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26
Q

What procedures would help with drainage in patients with glaucoma?
3

A 
Argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT)
Improves drainage of fluid out of the eye
Trabeculectomy (75% success rate)
can be repeated up to 3 times or more
Drainage implant tubes
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27
Q

Acute angle- closure glaucoma occurs only with what?

A

with closure of a preexisting narrow anterior chamber angle

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28
Q

Predisposing factors for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

4

A

Elderly
Hyperopes
Inuits
Asians

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29
Q

What can acute angle closure glaucoma be precipitated by?

A

pupillary dilation

  • -sitting in a dark theater and having the lights from the screen flash on abruptly
  • -times of stress
  • -pharmcological mydriasis
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30
Q

What drugs could cause acute angle closure glaucoma?

two categories of meds
five specific examples

A
  1. Anticholinergics or
  2. sympathomimetics

Nebulized bronchodilators, atropine as pre-op medication, antidepressants,
nasal decongestants,
tocolytics.

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31
Q

Secondary acute angle glaucoma may be observed with what issues?
2

A

anterior uveitis

dislocation of the lens

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32
Q

Symptoms of acute closed angle glaucoma?

5

A
  1. Rapid onset
  2. Severe eye pain and HA
  3. Profound visual loss with “halos around lights”
  4. May have photophobia
  5. Nausea and vomiting

***These patients are in distress, usually covering their eye or clutching their frontal region. Often the headache is accompanied with nausea and vomiting.

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33
Q

Signs of acute closed angle glaucoma?

4

A
  1. Conjunctival redness (red eye)
  2. Cornea edema or cloudiness
  3. Shallow anterior chamber
  4. Mid-dilated pupil that reacts poorly to light
34
Q

Pathphysiology behind acute angle glaucoma?

3

A
  1. obstructed trabecular network
  2. the angle b/w the iris and the cornea narrows or closes
  3. Iris pushes forward towards the cornea
35
Q

How serious is acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

Angle closure glaucoma is an emergency!!

36
Q

Treatment for acute closed angle glaucoma for primary care?

A

Emergent referral to an ophthalmologist
If it will be greater than 1 hour before the patient can be seen than start treatment: 2 250 mg tablets of acetazolamide (can also be given IV—can use mannitol , glyercol or isosorbide IV)

37
Q

How does acetazolamide work?

A

Decreases the pressure in the eye and used with other medicines to reduce edema (excess water retention).

  • carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
  • decreases secretion of aqueous humor
38
Q

What is the definitive therapy for acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

laser or surgical peripheral iridotomy in both eyes

39
Q

Once we get them to the Ophthalmologist what is the treatment? (for acute clsoed angle glaucoma)
3

A

One regimen: 1 drop of each, one minute apart:
0.5% timolol (Timoptic)
1% apraclonidine (lopidine)
2% pilocarpine (Isopto, Carpine)

40
Q

What is the prognosis for acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

Good if treated; severe and permanent vision loss if untreated in 3-5 days

41
Q

What is intraocular inflammation called?

A

Uveitis

42
Q

What are the causes for Uveitis and what is the most common?

A

immunilogic is most common but can be infection

43
Q

Nongranulomatous anterior uveitis is most often associated with what kind of conditions?

A

HLA-B27

44
Q

What are HLA-B27 conditions?

6

A
  1. Ankylosing spondylitis (bamboo spin- pulls everything tight and together)
  2. Reactive arthritis (writer’s syndrome) Cant see, cant pee, cant climb a tree(swollen joint) and dont sleep with me-they get blurring vision
  3. Psoriasis
  4. Ulcerative colitis
  5. Crohn’s disease
  6. Behçet’s syndrome causes anterior uveitis with recurrent hypopyon, no pain, and posterior uveitis with branch retinal vein occlusions (presents as herpes) inital presenation uveitis
45
Q

Whats another name for uveitis?

A

iritis

46
Q

What is often the inital presentation of HLA-B27 diseases?

A

uveitis

47
Q

What does uveitis look and feel like?

2

A

bright red aorund iris/ciliary flush

pain of about 8/10

48
Q

Infectious etiologies of uveitis?

5

A 
CMV
Toxoplasmosis
Syphilis
Cat Scratch disease
HSV and HZV
49
Q

Syphilis can present as uveitis and what two other eye ailments?

A

chorioretinitis or retinal vasculitis

50
Q

What is cat scratch disease associated with?

A

optic nerve edema

51
Q

HSV and HZV causes what kind of uveitis?

A

cause keratouveitis: an inflammation of the cornea w/ uveitis

52
Q

Whats the pathophysiology behind keratouveitis caused by HSV and HZV?
3

A
  1. Caused vesicles on the cornea and reduces sensation
  2. Can elevate IOP
  3. May also cause acute retinal necrosis
53
Q

Symptoms of anterior uveitis or iritis?

A

eye pain
redness
may have visual loss

54
Q

What kind of uveitis is the most common?

A

anterior. 4 times more common

55
Q

Signs and symptoms of posterior uveitis?

6

A
  1. Cells seen in the vitreous
  2. Inflammatory lesions may be seen on retina or choroid
  3. Fresh lesions are yellow while older lesions are pigmented
  4. Usually presents with gradual vision loss
  5. Bilateral involvement is common
  6. Usually painless unless anterior involvement
56
Q

How do we treat uveitis due to infection?

3

A

Antiviral agent + topical glucocorticoids

Appropriate antibiotics for bacterial infections

57
Q

How do we treat noninfectious uveitis?

anterior 2 and posterior 2 treat differently

A

Anterior—topical glucocorticoids + dilating drop (scopalamine or cyclopentolate)

Posterior—periocular injection of triamcinolone and if resistant inflammation systemic corticosteroids

pupil will often times be mishapen/pretty terrible pain

58
Q

What symptom is associated with CMV?

A

owl eye

59
Q

What can you do in primary care with uveitis?

A 
After discussion with the ophthalmologist initiate cycloplegic agent such as topicamide or cyclopentolate to help relieve pain and help prevent synechiae
AVOID atropine (effects persist too long)
60
Q

Complications associated with uveitis?

6

A 
Cataracts
Calcifications in the cornea
Glaucoma
Uveitis
Permanent vision imipairment 
Blindness
61
Q

Whats synechiae?

A

adhesion of the iris to the lens

or cornea

62
Q

What parts of the eye does anterior uveitis include? 2

A

ciliary body and iris

63
Q

What parts of the eye does intermediate uveitis include? 2

A

vitreous and peripheral retina

64
Q

What parts of the eye does posterior uveitis include?

A

choroid and possibly the retina, optic nerve

65
Q

What is the leadng cause of blindness in the world?

A

cataracts

66
Q

What are the benfits for surgery for cataracts?

3

A
  1. Improves quality of life of older adults
  2. Studies have shown older adults who have had cataract surgery have fewer falls & broken hips
  3. Studies have also shown older adults who have had cataract surgery have fewer MVA
67
Q

Whats the pathophysiology behind cataracts?

3

A
  1. Lifelong growth of the lens produces stratified epithelia with a high content of cytoplasmic protein
  2. The lens does not shed these epithelial cells and with age they can become opaque
  3. Experimental evidence suggests photo-oxidative insult potentiated by toxic or sensitizing substances
68
Q

What is cataracts?

A

Opacity of the lens of the eye that causes partial or total blindness.

69
Q

Causes of cataracts?

11

A

Genetic predisposition/FHx
Age
Smoking (20% of the cataracts in U.S. caused by smoking)
Sunlight exposure
Steroids (including long term use of inhaled corticosteroids)
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic syndrome
Trauma
Alcohol consumption
Low education
Poor lifestyle habits—including malnutrition & physical inactivity

70
Q

Presentation of cataracts?

4

A
  1. Painless,
  2. progressive cataract formation that is typically
  3. bilateral and may be
  4. asymmetric
71
Q

Patients complain of what with cataracts?

3

A

Problems w/ night driving
Reading road signs
Difficulty reading fine print

72
Q

What will you see on the optic exam in these patients?

3

A

Darkening of the red reflex
Difficulty visualizing the retina
Frank opacity of the lens

73
Q

When is catarct surgery done?

A

when it interferes with the patients quiality of life

or in rare cases when its causing glaucoma

74
Q

How is the patient sedated in cataract surgery?

A

IV sedation with local anesthetic

75
Q

What is the patient put on after cataract surgery?

A

Patient is put on glucocorticoid and NSAID topical eyedrops after surgery

76
Q

How long is the eye patched for after cataract surgery?

A

24 hours

77
Q

When is the follow up appointments for cataract surgery?

A

1 day, 1 week, 1 month

78
Q

Is cataracts an emergent referral?

A

nope

79
Q

Describe the process of cataract surgery?

A

phacoemulsification

  • use ultrasound and vacuum to remove lens
  • lens implant (plastic or silacone)
80
Q

When is the second eye done after the first eye in cataract surgery?

A

1-2 week after

Opthomology (14 decks)

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