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Eye Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Superior margins of the Orbit

A

frontal bone

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2
Q

Lateral margin of the orbit

A

Formed by the zygomatic process of frontal bone

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3
Q

Inferior margin of the orbit

2

A

Formed by zygomatic and maxillary bones

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4
Q

Medial margin of the orbit

3

A

Formed by maxilla, lacrimal, and frontal bones

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5
Q

Roof (top wall) of the orbit?

2

A

frontal and sphenoid bones

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6
Q

Posterior lateral wall of the orbit?

2

A

zygomatic and sphenoid bones

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7
Q

Floor (bottom wall) of the orbit?

3

A

Maxilla, zygomatic and palatine bones

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8
Q

Medial wall of the orbit?

3

A

Ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal bones

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9
Q

What is the apex of the orbit and lies within the sphenoid bone?

A

Optic foramen or canal

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10
Q

Structures that enter the optic canal?

3

A

Optic nerve
Ophthalmic artery
Central retinal vein

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11
Q

What lies between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bones?

A

superior orbital fissure

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12
Q

Structures that pass through the superior orbital fissure?

6

A
  1. Superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve (III)
  2. Trochlear nerve (IV)
  3. Lacrimal, frontal, and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve
  4. Abducens nerve (VI)
  5. Superior and inferior divisions of ophthalmic vein
  6. Sympathetic fibers from cavernous plexus
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13
Q

Nerves passing through the orbital fissure?

7

A
  1. Lacrimal nerve
  2. Frontal nerve
  3. Trochlear nerve
  4. Superior division of the oculomotor nerve
  5. Abducens nerve
  6. Nasocillary nerve (lacrimal, frontal and nasocillary branches)
  7. Inferior division of the oculomotor nerve

Live frankly to see absolutely no insult

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14
Q

What are the terms for the upper and lower eyelids?

A

palpabrea

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15
Q

Funciton of the palpabrea?

A

Protect and lubrictae the eyes

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16
Q

What is the tarsal plate?

A

Fibrous layer that gives the lids shape, strength, and place for muscle attachment

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17
Q

What is the canthus?

A

Where the upper and lower eyelids meet

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18
Q

How many canthus are there?

A

2

lateral and medial canthus

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19
Q

What does the line through the lateral and medial canthus define?

A

The angle of the palpebral fissure, which is usually horizontal

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20
Q

The line through the canthus is shaped how in down syndrome patients?

A

has an upward and outward slant

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21
Q

What covers the medial canthus and is characteristic of Asians, turner’s syndrome and fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Epicanthic folds

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22
Q

What is the fucniton of the meibomian glands?

A

Creates lipis (oil) layer of the tear film and enables airtight closure of the lids

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23
Q

Where are the meibomian glands found?

A

Lie underneath and within the tarsal plate

Ducts open onto eyelids

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24
Q

What is it called when a meibomian gland becomes infected?

A

A chalazion

not painful

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25
What is the function of the lipid (oil) layer of the tear film?
lubricates and prevents evaporation
26
What is the funciton of the aqueous (water) layer of the tear film?
nourishes and protects the cornea
27
What is the function of the mucin layer of the tear film?
adheres tears to the eye
28
What can a blockage of the meibomian glands cause?
leads to evaporative dry eye
29
What are the two muscles involved in eye lid movement?
Orbicularis oculi | Lavator palpabrea
30
What is the action and innervation of the obicularis oculi muscle?
Closes the eyelids | Innervated by cranial nerve VII (facial)
31
What is the action and innervation of the levator palpabrae muscle?
Opens the eyelids Innervated by Cranial nerve III (oculomotor)
32
Where are the lacrimal glands located? | 2
Within the eyelid | Within the conjunctiva
33
Lacrimal glands produce tears. What is their function? | 2
1. cleans and lubricates the eye | 2. Antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
34
Where do tears drain?
lacrimal punctum
35
How do we treat and blocked nasolacrimal duct?
clear out blockage with a probe
36
What is the conjunctiva?
Thin mucous membrane that lines the inner surfaces of both eyelids **extremely sensitive to irritation and inflammation
37
Where is the conjunctiva located/explain its positioning? | 4
1. Starts at the edge of the cornea(limbus) and 2. flows back behind the eye, 3. loops forward, and 4. forms inside surface of the eyelids
38
Where is the palpebral conjunctiva?
lines the eyelids
39
Where is the ocular conjunctiva?
covers the eye ball
40
What are the three distinct layers of the eyeball?
1. firbous tunic 2. vascular tunic 3. internal or neural tunic
41
What does the fibroud tunic consist of? | 2
Sclera and Cornea
42
What does the vascular tunic consist of? | 3
Choroid Cillary body Iris
43
What does the internal or neural tunic consist of? | 3
retina which has two parts: -neural retina layer -outer pigmented layer
44
Describe the sclera? | 5
1. outer layer of the eyeball 2. tough, opaque, white fibroud layer 3. Maintains the shape of the globe 4. Is continuous and connects to the tranparent cornea anteriorly 5. Posteriorly continuous with the dura mater that surrounds the optic nerve
45
What is the convex clear front surface of the eye?
the cornea
46
What is the function of the cornea?
Provides the majority of the eye's refractive power
47
What are the five layers of the cornea?
``` Epithelium(wont scar if injured) Bowman’s Stroma (thickest layer-if you injure it it will scar) Descemet’s membrane Endothelium ```
48
Desrcibe the funciton of the endothelium?
one cell layer thick | It regulates fluid that goes into the cornea (so not too much goes in/want to keep it dry)
49
Describe issues that could occur with the endothelium? | 2
If endothelium is injured it will let fluid into eye = blurriness(too much fluid) In the endothelium you are born with what you have. If you lose cells they just get bigger to compensate. If that is not good enough = corneal transplant
50
What is the function of the choroid? | 2
1. One of the most vascular tissues in the entire body 2. Melanocytes prevent the diffusion of light through out the wall of the optic globe (absorb extra light so the rest can be focused on the retina to make an image)
51
Where are the cillary bodies located?
Located immediately anteriorly to the choroid
52
What do the cillary bodies contain?
smooth cillary muscles
53
What is the secretory function of the vascular tunic?
contributes to the production of aqueous humor Specifically make by the cillary processes
54
Where is the iris positioned in the vascular tunic?
most anterior portion
55
What is the iris composed of? | 4
2 layers of pigment forming cells 2 groups of smooth muscle fibers -Sphincter pupillae muscle -Dilator pupillae muscle
56
What is the center of the iris called?
pupil
57
function of the iris?
controls the amount of light thats hitting the retina
58
Function of the retina? | 2
Receive visual images | Analyze them and transmit them to the brain
59
Components of the retina? | 2
``` Optic disc (the blind spot. there are no photo receptors there because its where the nerves/vasculature go back into the brain) Macula lutea w/ fovea centralis (highest number of cones but no rods here) ```
60
What composes the neural retina layer?
photo receptors and associated neurons | contains rods and cones-but more rods
61
What is the funciton of the neural retina layer?
Absorbing light rays and converting them into nerve signals transmitted to the brain
62
What is the function of the pigmented layer? | 2
1. Absorb light rays that pass through neural layer | 2. Provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells
63
What are rods specialized for?
specialized for dim light and night vision
64
What are cones specilized for?
visual sharpness and color recognition (respond by bright light in the fovea centralis)
65
Light comes in through the synaptic terminal, where the bipolar cells and inner segment of the rod and cone are attached. Where does it go after that?
Outer segment which is the visual pigments in the membrane disks
66
Where is the lense located?
behind the iris
67
What are the three layers of the lens?
capsule (thin like saran wrap/holds lens in place) cortex (middle layer) nucleus (hard inner layer)
68
What are zonules?
Holds capsule in place with suspensory ligaments that are connected to the ciliary body
69
The eyeball is divided into 2 cavities and these are divided into chambers. Name these cavities and chambers?
``` Anterior cavity -Anterior chamber -Posterior chamber Posterior cavity -Vitreous chamber ```
70
Where does the anterior chamber lie?
between the cornea and iris | Contains aqueous humor
71
Where does the posterior chamber lie?
Between the iris and the lens | Contains aqueous humor
72
Where is the vitreous chamber located?
Extends from the lens to the back of the retina | Contains vitreous humor
73
Functions of the anterior cavity (anterior and posterior chambers)? 5 (flow)
1. Filtrate of blood plasma produced by ciliary processes 2. Secreted into posterior chamber 3. From posterior chamber flows through pupil into anterior chamber 4. Aqueous fluid is continually resorbed into vascular space called scleral venous sinus 5. Provides nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea
74
The posterior cavity contains the vitreous chamber. What is its function? 4
1. Transparent gelatinous fluid produced by cells in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body 2. Fills the space from the lens to the posterior retina 3. Helps maintain eye shape 4. Supports the retina
75
What complications can happen with the vitreous chamber/fluid?
You are born with the vitreous fluid you have for life. As you age it can liquify and you can get floaters in the eye. You have to remove these surgically. The floaters can also be caused by vitreous detachment
76
``` Superior oblique muscle Originates: Inserts: Innervated by: Function: ```
O: Sphenoid bone I: Sclera deep to the superior rectus muscle I: Trochlear nerve F: Abducts, depresses, and medially (internally) rotates the eye
77
``` Inferior oblique muscle Originates: Inserts: Innervated by: Function: ```
O: Anterior part of orbital floor I: Sclera deep to the lateral rectus muscle I: Oculomotor nerve F: Abducts, elevates, and laterally (externally) rotates the eyeball
78
``` Superior rectus muscle Originates: Inserts: Innervated by: Function: ```
O: Common tendinous ring I: Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction I: Oculomotor nerve F: Elevates, adducts, and medially rotates the eyeball
79
``` Inferior Rectus Muscle Originates: Inserts: Innervated by: Function: ```
O: Common tendinous ring I: Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction I: Oculomotor nerve F: Depresses, adducts, and laterally rotates the eyeball
80
``` Medial rectus muscle Originates: Inserts: Innervated by: Function: ```
O: Common tendinous ring I: Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction I: Oculomotor nerve F: Adducts the eyeball
81
``` Lateral Rectus Muscle Originates: Inserts: Innervated by: Function: ```
O: Common tendinous ring I: Sclera behind the corneoscleral junction I: Abducent nerve F: Abducts the eyeball

Opthomology (14 decks)

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