Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Opthomology > Ophthalmology Terms and Refractive Errors > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Terms and Refractive Errors Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology of Amblyopia?

A

Dullness or obscurity of sight for no apparent organic reason, therefore, not correctable with glasses or surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can someone see with amblyopia?

A

One eye becomes dependent on the other eye to focus, usually develops in early childhood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Anisometropia?

A

Condition of the eyes in which the eyes have unequal refractive power.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Whats Aphakia?

A

Absence of the lens of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Whats Asthenopia?

A

eye strain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Whats Binocular vision?

A

Simultaneous use of the two eyes.

Allows for a wider field of vision.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is convergence?

A

Turning both eyes inwards so that they are both “aimed” towards a near object. (people with poor convergence will get double vision)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cycloplegia?

A

Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation or……… a dilated pupil (cant focus on near by objects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What secondary issues come out of exophthalmos?

A

cant close their eyes while they are sleeping. dries their eye out and can damage the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Whats hemianopia?

What are common causes of this?

A

a blindness or reduction in vision in one half of the visual field due to damage of the optic pathways in the brain.

Stroke or brain tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hyphema?

What are some common causes of this? 3

A

collection of blood in the anterior chamber

intraocular surgical procedures or blunt trauma to the eye. could occur spontaneously but pretty rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pathology of hypopyon?

What are some common causes? 3

A

leukocytes in the anterior chamber=pus

TB, herpes simplex, herpes zoster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Definition of legal blindness

A

means central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the best possible correction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is chemoses?

A 
the swelling (or edema) of the conjunctiva
--sign of eye irritation. allergies/rubbing or scratching the eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is papilledema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc caused by increased Intracranial Pressure

  • biateral usually
  • disc is raised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is pterygium?

A

A painless non-cancerous growth of the conjunctiva that lays over the sclera and extends onto the cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Pinguecula?

A

Non cancerous yellowish-brown subconjunctival elevation composed of degenerated elastic tissue; may occur on either side of the cornea.
(most along the nasal side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cranial nerve is affected in ptosis and what could it be caused by? 5

A

CNIII

  • damage to nerves that control muscle responsible for raising eyelid or
  • looseness of the skin of the eyelid
  • tumor
  • diabetes
  • stye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is miosis?

A

constriction of the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

dilation of the pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What can cause nystagmus?

3

A

stroke
MS
blow to the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is synechia?

A

an eye condition where the iris adheres to either the cornea (i.e. anterior synechia) or lens (i.e. posterior synechia).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is scotoma?

What can this be caused by? 3

A

Area or island of loss or impairment of vision surrounded by a field of normal vision

MS, toxic substance that gets in the eye, nutritional deficiencies, rarely bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a scintillating scotoma?

When are these often seen?

A

usually begins as a spot of flickering light near or in the center of the visual fields, which prevents vision within the scotoma. The scotoma then expands into one or more shimmering arcs of white or colored flashing lights.

migraines/aura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does diopter tell us?

A

basically the thickness of your glasses-how much correction you need

26
Q

What are tiny yellow or white accumulations of extracellular material build up between Bruch’s membrane and the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye?

What can we get these from?

A

drusen

macular degeneration

27
Q

What is a degenerative disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a conical shape than a normal gradual curve?

A

keratocnus

28
Q

What is retinitis pigmentosa?
(what is it caused by,
What does it cause,
pathology)

A
  1. An inherited degenerative eye disease
  2. that causes severe vision impairment
  3. due to progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptor cells in the retina
29
Q

What symptoms are associated with retinitis pigmentosa?

A

night bindness or tunnel vision

30
Q

What does OD stand for?

A

Oculus dexter (right)

31
Q

What does OS stand for?

A

Oculus sinister (left)

32
Q

What does OU stand for?

A

Oculus uterque (both)

33
Q

What is emmetropia?
3

What can be seen clearly when the ciliary muscle is relaxed?

A

When

  1. parallel light rays from distant objects
  2. are in sharp focus on the retina
  3. when the ciliary muscle is completely relaxed

distant objects

34
Q

What risk factors is farsightedness associated with?

3

A

Maternal smoking during pregnancy
Prematurity
Low birth weight

35
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperopia?

5

A 
Aching eyes
Blurred vision of close objects
Strabismus
Eye strain
Headache while reading
36
Q

What are the causes of hyperopia?

2

A
  1. by the eyeball being too small or
  2. the focusing power being too weak.

Many children outgrow hyperopia as the eyeball lengthens with normal growth

37
Q

HOw do we diagnose hyperopia?

2

A

Visual acuity (snellen chart)
Objective refraction using retinoscopy
-uses rays to measure what distance an object is focused on the retina

38
Q

What can farsightedness be a risk factor for?

2

A

glaucoma

cross eye

39
Q

How can farsightedness be corrected?

3

A

with glasses or contact lenses

refractive surgery

40
Q

Whats the most common refractive error of the eye?

Why is this increasing?

A

myopia

from eye fatigue from computers and near vision tasks (also a genetic predisposition)

41
Q

Signs and symptoms of myopia?

2

A
  1. Often have headaches or eye strain and might squint or feel fatigued when driving or playing sports
  2. Blurred vision or squinting when trying to see distant objects (children often cannot read the blackboard, but can easily read a book)
42
Q

What causes myopia?

A

When the eyeball is longer than usual from front to back

43
Q

Treatment of myopia?

3

A

May be corrected with glasses contact lenses or eye surgery

44
Q

What surgeries could we do to fix myopia?

3

A
  1. Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) -predecessor to LASIK
  2. LASIK
  3. Orthokeratology (contact lens that you wear at night and shapes your cornea and during the day it will change to that shape. put them back in at night)
45
Q

What is a condition which the eye does not focus light evenly onto the retina?

A

astigmatism

light is bent differently dependiing on where it strikes the cornea(irregularly shaped)

46
Q

Is astigmatism associated with farsightedness or nearsightedness?

A

both

47
Q

What is irregularly shaped in astigmatism?

A

The cornea but sometimes it can be the lens too

48
Q

Signs and symptoms of astigmatism?

4

A

Blurred or distorted vision at all distance
Photophobia
HA
Excessive squinting (close their eyes constantly tryinig to focus)

49
Q

Explain the pathology of astigmatism?

3

A
  1. Astigmatism occurs when the cornea is oblong instead of spherical
  2. In most astigmatic eyes, the oblong or oval shape causes light rays to focus on two points in the back of the eye, rather than on just one.
  3. This is because, like a football, an astigmatic cornea has a steeper curve and a flatter one.
50
Q

How do we diagnose astigmatism?

3

A
  1. Keratometer or corneal topography machine (asses shape of anterior cornea)
  2. Astigmatic dial
  3. Visual acuity test
51
Q

Treatment of astigmatism?

3types

A

eyeglasses or contact lenses

3 kinds:
Rigid
Gas permeable
Soft

52
Q

Which surgery techniques can be used for astigmatism?

2

A 
Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)
LASEK or LASIK
53
Q

What happens to the lens as a person grows older?

4

A
  1. Lens grows larger and thicker
  2. Lens becomes far less elastic
  3. Ability of the lens to change shape decreases
  4. Power of accommodation decreases to almost 0 diopters by the age of 70
54
Q

What do people notice when they first start getting presbyopia?

A

blurred near vision

55
Q

Signs of symptoms of presbyopia?

3

A
  1. Decreased focusing ability for near objects.
  2. When people develop presbyopia they need to hold things at a arms length to read it
  3. When they perform near work, such as embroidery or handwriting, they may develop headaches, eye strain or feel fatigued.
56
Q

What specially changes in the lens that makes it harder, firmer and less elastic?

A
  1. proteins in the lens

2. and muscle fibers surrounding the lens

57
Q

With less elasticity the eye has a harder time focusing where?

A

up close

58
Q

Treatment for presbyopia?

A

eyeglasses with bifocal or progressive additional lenses (PALS) are the most common corrective lenses for presbyopia

59
Q

What do the upper and lower parts of bifocals help see?

A

the main part of the lens is a prescription for distance vision and the lower part is a stronger prescription for close up work

60
Q

Surgeries to correct Prebyopia?

3

A

Keratoplasty
LASIK
Cataract surgery

Opthomology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions