Vision

Question 1

Cones

Answer 1

– color – requires more light

Question 2

Rods

Answer 2

– black & white – not as light sensitive

Question 3

Visual acuity

Answer 3

– clarity of what see – can change over time – near sighted/far sighted

Question 4

Visual fields

Answer 4

– gives panoramic view

Question 5

Accommodation

Answer 5

– helps focus in on object coming closer to you

Question 6

Fixation

Answer 6

– being able to have gaze remains fixed on object

Question 7

Pursuit

Answer 7

– following something moving

Question 8

Saccades

Answer 8

– ability to scan, to be able to watch something – scan one object over another

Question 9

Convergence

Answer 9

– ability for eyes to come in together (cross eyed)

Question 10

Binocularity

Answer 10

– the integration of accommodation & convergence

Question 11

Stereopsis

Answer 11

– depth perception – know where are in relation to objects

Question 12

Anosognosia

Answer 12

– can’t identify something

Question 13

The Visual System

Answer 13

Consists of two systems:

• Anterior Visual System
  
  • All structures anterior to the optic chiasm
  • Provide high-quality, accurate visual sensory input
• Posterior Visual System
  
  • All structures posterior to the optic chiasm
  • Transfers information from anterior system to posterior system components for processing, interpretation, and utilization for additional neural processes

Question 14

Anatomy of the Eye

Answer 14

• Light goes to retina
• Lens can change shapes to refract light – cilliary bodies in it that help change the shape of the lens
• Macula – sensitive spot in retina – responsible for detailed vision (a lot of cones) – part of macula is called phobia

Question 15

Posterior Visual System

Answer 15

• Optic Nerve, Optic chiasm & Tracts
• Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of thalamus
• Superior Colliculi of midbrain
• Visual Cortex in Occipital Lobe
  
  • Primary visual cortex
  • Visual association cortices

Question 16

Visual Cranial Nerves

Answer 16

3 – occulomotor – up & down
4 - Trochlear – lateral & down
6 - lateral

Question 17

Visual Acuity

Answer 17

• Normal Vision
  
  • Normal – read 8 point at 40 cm
  • Near normal – read newsprint by bringing close
• Low Vision
  
  • Moderate – very close to read, can read with glasses
  • Severe – can read very close with difficulty, avoids activity
  • Profound – reading limited without magnification
• Blindness
  
  • Near Blindness – vision unreliable- uses other senses
  • Total blindness – no vision

Question 18

Hyperopia

Answer 18

• Far sighted – can see far away, can’t see close up

Question 19

Myopia

Answer 19

• Near sighted – can see

Question 20

Astigmatism

Answer 20

– combo of two

Question 21

Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex

Answer 21

Head moves RIGHT

Eyes move to the LEFT

Question 22

Visual field deficits

Answer 22

• Controlateral homonymous hemianopsia
  
  • Loss of visual field on opposite side of brain lesion
  • Lesion to optic tract
• Bitemporal hemianopsia (tunnel vision)
  
  • Temporal fields in both eyes lost
  • Lesion to central optic chiasm
• Blindness unilateral
  
  • Ipsilateral optic tract lesion
• Blindness bilateral
  
  • Lesion to entire optic chiasm
• Blind spot
  
  • Retinal damage
• Cortical blindness
  
  • Visual cortex damage

Question 23

Visual field

Answer 23

Temporal field – nasal nerve - crosses

Nasal field – temporal nerve – doesn’t cross

Question 24

Diplopia

Answer 24

double vision

Question 25

Strabismus

Answer 25

Medial or lateral deviation

Question 26

Glaucoma

Answer 26

• Pressure builds up in eye

- It can’t drain properly

Question 27

Macular Degeneration

Answer 27

• Can be common
• Can lead to blindness (leading for blindness of those over 55 y-o)
• Deterioration of vision
• Can’t focus well

Question 28

Visual Agnosia

Answer 28

-Can copy but cannot name or describe the function