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Neuro > Brain Structures > Flashcards

Brain Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Dura

A
  • Location: The outer meningeal layer of the brain and spinal cord
  • Purpose: to protect the spinal cord
  • Key Points: Tough mother. Durable. Epidural.
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2
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • Location: larger fiber bundle connecting the right and left cerebral cortices
  • Purpose: Connect and coordinate the two hemispheres of the brain - weight bearing.
  • Key Points: Split brain
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3
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A
  • Location: Boundary of lobe. Superior to corpus callosum.
  • Purpose: Limbic gyrus. Coordinates emotional responses to senses (i.e. smell, pain)
  • Key points: Emotional memory smells. Emotions to pain.
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4
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A
  • Location: Forms the medial wall of the lateral ventricles. Between the corpus callosum & fornix along the midline of the brain.
  • Purpose: Connected to corpus callosum to separate the lateral ventricles.
  • Key Points: Septo-optic dysplasia. “clear wall”
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5
Q

Fornix

A
  • Location: Below corpus callosum, arch shaped
  • Purpose: Connects hippocampus to mammillary body of hypothalamus
  • Key Points: “Highway” from Hippocampus to Hypothalamus
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6
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A
  • Location: Inferior to the hypothalamus on the underside of the brain
  • Purpose: Acts as a relay from amygdala & hippocampus, project to thalamus. Processing of recognition memory associated with smell.
  • Key Points: Smell to memories. Part of hypothalamus
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7
Q

Thalamus

A

-Location: Large, egg shaped collection of nuclei in the center of the cerebrum
-Purpose: Relay info to cerebral cortex, process emotional & memory, integrate sensations, regulate consciousness, arousal & attention.
-Key Points: “relay station”
“selective filter”

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Location: Inferior to the thalamus
  • Purpose: Temperature, hunger, sleep-wake cycles, release hormones, emotional expression
  • Key Points: Autonomic control center, master switchboard, thermostat
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9
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Location: Bottom posterior extension of brain to spinal cord
  • Purpose: To carry motor and sensory tracts to the spinal cord. Control equilibrium, cardiovascular, respiration, etc
  • Key Points: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
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10
Q

Medulla

A
  • Location: Bottom of brainstem - continuous with spinal cord
  • Purpose: Crossing of motor tracts, cardiac & respiratory centers. CN IX, X, XI, XII
  • Key Points: Olives, Pyramids, tracts decussate
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11
Q

Putamen

A

-Location: Part of basal ganglia. Round structure located at the base of the forebrain.
-Purpose: Excitatory. Works with caudate & GP for regulation / timing of mvmt
-Key Points: Basal ganglia.
+GP = Lenticular nucleus
+Caudate = Corpus Striatum

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12
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

-Location: Part of basal ganglia
-Purpose: Excitatory. Works with caudate & putamen to regulate / time mvmt
-Key Points: Basal ganglia
+Putamen = Lenticular nucleus

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13
Q

Caudate

A

-Location: Part of basal ganglia
-Purpose: Involved with motor planning. Role in inhibitory control to time mvmt
-Key Points: Basal ganglia
+Putamen = Corpus striatum

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14
Q

Amygdala

A

-Location: Almond shaped collection of nuclei in temporal lobe
-Purpose: Mediates fear, anger, and anxiety. Interprets facial expressions and social signals.
-Key Points: Amygdala = Almond
Mig fighter plane = scary!

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15
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Location: Part of limbic system. Interior to hypothalamus & fornix. Medial temporal lobe.
  • Purpose: Long term memory storage
  • Key Points: “You would always remember if you saw a hippo on campus”
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16
Q

Pyramids

A
  • Location: Part of the anterior surface of the medulla (medial to the olives)
  • Purpose: Where axons projecting from the cortex to the spinal cord decussate in the medulla
  • Key Points: Pyramids built layer by layer = tracts crossing making lateral lines of pyramids
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17
Q

Inferior colliculus

A
  • Location: Dorsal, tectum of midbrain (superior aspects of brainstem), lower 2 of four small rounded bodies.
  • Purpose: Important for orientation to auditory stimuli
  • Key Points: Midbrain. Ears lower than eyes = inferior colliculi = auditory
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18
Q

Superior Colliculus

A
  • Location: Dorsal, tectum of midbrain, upper 2 of four small rounded bodies
  • Purpose: Important for orientation to visual stimuli
  • Key Points: Midbrain. Eyes higher than ears = superior colliculi = visual
19
Q

Substantia nigra

A

-Location: One of nuclei in basal ganglia circuit in midbrain. Substantia nigra pars compacta & Substantia nigra parts reticulata
-Purpose: SNpc gets info from putamen & caudate & sends info back; SNpc produced dopamine.
SNpr also gets input from putamen & caudate but sends input outside basal ganglia to control head & eye mvmt
-Key Points: SNpc degenerates w/ Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine. Movements.

20
Q

Subthalamus

A

-Location: connected to basal ganglia. Separated from hypothalamus by
white matter fibers in internal capsule
-Purpose: Movement. Subthalamus has efferent fibers to caudate nucleus and putaman and input connections from caudate nucleus, putamen and substantia nigra.
-Key Points: Movement

21
Q

Epithalamus

A

-Location: connected to limbic system
contains pineal gland
-Purpose: Sexual and hormonal functions
Sleep – wake cycle

22
Q

Pineal Gland

A
  • Location: inferior, posterior of thalamus; part of epithalamus
  • Purpose: Causes Feeling of Sleepiness; Converts Nervous system signals to endocrine signals; Regulates Endocrine Functions; Secretes Hormone Melatonin
23
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Helps control following body processes:

  • Growth
  • Blood pressure
  • Some aspects of pregnancy & childbirth
  • Breast milk production
  • Sex organ functions in both M/F
  • Thyroid gland function
  • Conversion of food into energy (metabolism)
  • Water & osmolarity regulation in body
24
Q

Commissural axons

A

between cortical hemispheres

25
Q

Association axons

A

between regions of the same cortical hemisphere

26
Q

Projection axons

A

between subcortical structures (thalamus, basal ganglia, brainstem, spinal cord) & cortex

27
Q

Anterior commissure

A

backup to corpus callosum; connects two temporal lobes & amygdala; and may have role in sexuality

28
Q

Posterior commissure

A

connects R & L diencephalon; role in pupillary light reflex

29
Q

Tectum

A

dorsal part of mesencephalon and consists of superior and inferior colliculi. Superior is involved in visual processing and control of eye movements and inferior in auditory processing.

30
Q

Internal Capsule - projection

A
  • Connect cortex and diencephalon
  • Bundle of nerves separating putamen, caudate nucleus, and thalamus
  • So many fibers from so many areas run through here resulting in significant effects of a small lesion
31
Q

External Capsule - projection

A
  • Separates putamen and extreme capsule

- More fibers running with communication – major disruptive area

32
Q

Extreme Capsule - projection

A
  • Separates claustrum and insular cortex
  • Claustrum =group of nuclei between external and extreme capsules
  • Bidirectional communication with broca and wernicke area
33
Q

Limbic System

A
  • Structures: Hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, insula. —–Connections within are because of fornix and medial forebrain bundle.
  • Primal system involved in survival
34
Q

Limbic System -Memory

A

-Hippocampus: long term memory storage (short term memory: frontal lobes)

35
Q

Limbic System - Olfaction

A

olfactory bulb and tract = cranial nerve 1

        - Smells often trigger emotional memories
  - Old part of brain (smell very important for many animals)
36
Q

Limbic System - Visceral

A
  • maintain homeostasis of ANS
    - coordinating visceral responses with cognitive, emotional & sensorimotor
    behavior (avoid unpleasant stimuli, seek pleasant)
37
Q

Limbic System - Emotion

A
  • Feeding - seeking love & food gratification
  • Fighting – seek social gratification
  • Reproduction – seek sexual gratification
  • Amygdala – mediates fear, anger, and anxiety
    -Memory formation of emotionally arousing events
    -Autism – smaller – deficiency of dendrites
    – lack of emotional cues
    • Mamillary bodies - involved w/ emotion
38
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

A

Voluntary emotional regulation

39
Q

Ventromedial PFC

A

Automatic emotional regulation (i.e. crying, smiling)

40
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • Language output
  • Broca’s area – output of verbal communication
  • Corticobulbar tracts – link Broca’s to the muscles to produce speech
  • Both Wernicke’s & Broca’s in left hemisphere
41
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • Comprehension
  • Wernicke’s posterior part of temporal lobe – start making sense of what heard
  • Both Wernicke’s & Broca’s in left hemisphere
42
Q

Ventricular System

A 
Lateral ventricles
Foramen of Monro (connects)
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) (connects)
Fourth ventricle
Central canal
43
Q

CSF

A

-Purpose of CSF
cushioning of brain
exchange of nutrients and waste
transport of hormones
-Choroid plexus in all ventricles (most in lateral) produce CSF
-Arachnoid Villi reabsorb CSF and return to venus system
-Septum pellucidum – separates lateral ventricles
-3rd between thalami
-4th b/w pons & cerebellum
-Sinuses help

Neuro (13 decks)

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