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Term 3: Head and Neck > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the outer layer of the globe?

A
  • sclera
  • Limbus
  • Cornea
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2
Q

What makes up the middle layer of the globe?

A
  • choroid, ciliary body, iris stroma

- melanocytes

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3
Q

What makes up the inner layer of the globe?

A
  • retinal pigmented epithelium
  • Neural retina
  • Ora serrata
  • anterior ciliary processes
  • posterior iris
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4
Q

What is an open globe injury?

A

-a full thickness laceration or perforation of the cornea, limbus, or cornea

**opthalmic emergency

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5
Q

What are the three smooth muscles in the eye?

A
  • constrictor muscle
  • Dilator muscle
  • circumferential muscle (in ciliary body)
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6
Q

What is the Near Synkinesis reflex made up of?

A
  • Accomodation
  • Convergence
  • Miosis
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7
Q

Which nerve controls the levator palbebrae superioris?

A

CNIII

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8
Q

Which nerve controls the circumferential ciliary body muscle?

A

-CNIII

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9
Q

Which nerve controls the Iris constrictor muscle?

A

CNIII

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10
Q

In which portion of the eye is ocular melanoma most common?

A

-Choroid

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11
Q

What types of neurons are in the retina?

A
  • photoreceptors
  • bipolar cells
  • ganglion cells
  • interneurons (horizontal & amacrine cells)
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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the retina?

A
  • inner 2/3 = central retinal artery

- outer 1/3 = choroidal vasculature

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13
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body

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14
Q

What are the signs that can lead to a diagnosis of an open globe injury?

A
  • seidel positive testing
  • peaked pupil
  • low intraocular pressure
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15
Q

What is Nystagmus?

A
  • when eye shakes back and forth very quickly

- common in albinism

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16
Q

What are the interneurons of the retina?

A
  • horizontal cells

- amacrine cells

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17
Q

What suspends the lens to the ciliary body?

A

Zonules

18
Q

What collagen is most prominent in the lens?

A

Type IV collagen

19
Q

What is a cataract?

A

a crystalline lens that has lost its transparency

20
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • Bowman’s layer (Type I)
  • Stroma (Type I)
  • Descemet’s layer (Type IV)
  • Endothelium
21
Q

What is Keratoconus? Which layer causes it?

A

a degenerative disaease of the cornea that leads to protrusion of the cornea into a cone shape

-bowman’e layer loses integrity

22
Q

What is Fuchs Dystrophy?

A
  • progressive corneal dystrophy involving loss of endothelial cells
  • common in older women
23
Q

What drains through the angle of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor

24
Q

Where is aqueous humor synthesized?

A

two layers of epithelial cells on the ciliary proccesses

25
Q

Describe the inflow of Aqueous humor.

A

Ciliary processes > posterior chamber > through pupil > anterior chamber

26
Q

What is the difference between Trabecular outflow and uveoscleral outflow?

A

Trabecular: Pressure dependent. Trabecular meshwork > Schlemm’s Canal > Venous system

Uveoscleral: Pressure independent. Anterior Chamber > Ciliary muscle > subraciliary/suprachoroidal spaces > exit via intact sclera or along its nerves/vessels

27
Q

What is the laminar portion of the optic nerve?

A
  • thought to be damaged in glaucoma
  • continuous with sclera
  • provides main support for the optic nerve as it exits the eye
28
Q

What is primary open-angle glaucoma?

A
  • trabecular meshwork can become dysfunctional leading to increased outflow resistance
  • can cause death of CNII fibers

**pts experience painless, slow, progressive loss of vision, starting in periphery

29
Q

What are the 5 ways to lower the intraocular pressure?

A
  • modify ANS to slow down blood flow in ciliary body
  • Induce parasympathetic miosis and accomodation to open up trabecular meshwork
  • Show down production of aqueous
  • Mechanically open trabecular meshwork to increase fluid drainage
  • Create artificial conduit to drain directly into venous system
30
Q

What adrenergic receptors are on the ciliary body, and how do they influence aqueous humor production when activated?

A

B1/2 = increase production

a1/2 = decrease production

31
Q

Which of these drugs is NOT useful in treating glaucoma?

  1. Beta 1 blocker
  2. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
  3. Cholinergic agonist
  4. Alpha 2 antagonist
  5. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitor
  6. Marijuana
A
  1. Alpha 2 antagonist
32
Q

Which of the following drugs will dilate pupil and
also prevent accommodation?

  1. Tyramine
  2. Echothiophate
  3. Curare
  4. Atropine
  5. Muscarine
A
  1. Atropine
33
Q

What is the innervation tot he dilator muscle of the eye?

A

-Sympathetics from the tcarotid plexus (synapsed at superior cervical ganglion)

34
Q

What is the innervation of the constructor muscle of the eye?

A

-parasympathetics from CNIII

35
Q

Describe accomodation.

A
  • lens is fatter
  • constriction of the circumferential muscle in the ciliary body
  • zonular fibers are relaxed
36
Q

What is presbyopia

A
  • patients need reading glasses
  • normal part of aging
  • lens loses elasticity, so even though ciliary body contracts, the lens does not get fatter (no accomodation)
37
Q

What nerve controls the near synkinesis reflex?

A

-CN III

38
Q

Between what two layers does a retinal tear occur?

A

-Peeling of the photoreceptors from the RPE

39
Q

What is a colorful sign of the congenital form of horner’s syndrome?

A
  • Heterochromia

* melanocytes from neural crest

40
Q

Why does the lens continue to thicken as we age?

A
  • lens epithelial cells on the anterior of the lens continuously make basement membrane which migrates posteriorly
  • anterior capsule continues to thicken while posterior capsule remains 4 um thick
41
Q

What is luekocoria?

A

-white pupil that is a result of cataracts

42
Q

What is the function of the endotheium of the cornea?

A
  • secrete a basement membrane (Descemet’s layer)

- house ATP H2O pumps that remove water out of the stromal matrix to preserve structure & Clarity

Term 3: Head and Neck (12 decks)

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