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Term 3: Head and Neck > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Does CN VIII ever exit the skull?

A

No

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2
Q

What nerve is given off anteriorly off of the facial nerve at the genu?

A

-Greater petrosal nerve

**contains parasympathetics

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3
Q

Where does the largest portion of the facial nerve exit the skull?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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4
Q

What is the opening from the middle ear to the mastoid air cells?

A

Aditus ad antrum

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5
Q

What is the smallest striated muscle in the human?

A

-stapedius

**when patients complain about things being too loud, worry about this & facial nerve

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6
Q

What innervates stapedius?

A

Facial nerve

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7
Q

What innervates Tensor Tympani?

A

Trigeminal (V3)

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8
Q

What fibers are contained within the lesser petrosal nerve?

A

-parasympathetic fibers of CN IX

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9
Q

What fibers are contained within the greater petrosal nerve?

A

-Parasympathetic fibers of CN VII

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10
Q

What nerve supplies sensory information from the superior portion of the external ear?

A

Auriculotemporal (branch of V3)

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11
Q

What nerve supplies sensory information from the inferior portion of the external ear?

A

Greater auricular nerve (C2-C3)

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12
Q

At what frequency do humans hear best? Why?

A

4000 Hz

  • Due to resonance frequency of outer ear
  • babies like higher pitched noises due to shorter ear canal, can discriminate higher pitches better
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13
Q

What is acoustic impedence?

A
  • resistance to sound wave conduction

- Air = low, water = high

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14
Q

What are the three ways that we are able to localize sound in space?

A
  • interaural time difference
  • interaural intensity difference (head shadow)
  • head transfer function (effect of shape of ear, frequency of sound changes depending on where it hits our pinna)
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15
Q

What is a monolaminar membrane?

A

-if there is a large enough perforation, fibrous layer of tympanic membrane doesn’t form back, and hole is sealed by epithelium and endothelium only

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16
Q

What is a Cholesteatoma?

A
  • A collection of dead desquaminated skin cells that most likely forms in a retraction pocket
  • retraction pocket forms when you have a monolaminar membrane and poor eustachian tubes, leading to negative pressure inside ear
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17
Q

What is the acoustic stapedial reflex (ASR)?

A
  • If you hear a sound more than 80 dB, you get an instant (10 uS) contraction of the stapes by the stapedius
  • will drop the amplitude of low frequency (<2000 Hz) sounds

**think about implications of CN VII paralysis

18
Q

What is the prevocalization reflex?

A
  • When you are preparing to speak, you send information to tensor tympani and stapedius to contract so you don’t deafen yourself by speaking
  • this is why our voice sounds different in our own head
19
Q

What is the purpose of the eustachian tube?

A
  • Prevent vacuum forming in middle ear

- drainage

20
Q

What are myringosclerosis and tympanosclerosis?

A
  • Calcium deposition on the tympanic membrane (Myringosclerosis)
  • Ca deposition on ossicles (tympanosclerosis)

DIFFERENCE: Myringosclerosis does not cause symptoms, tympanosclerosis does.

21
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

There is a growth of bone that obliterates the stapes foot plate causing hearing loss

22
Q

What is the difference between perilymph and endolymph?

A
  • perilymph is pretty much CSF
  • elvelopes the membranous labyrinth
  • endolymph is synthesized at the stria vascularis of the cochlea
  • higher in potassium
23
Q

What are the three compartments of the cochlea? What membranes separate them?

A
  • Scala vestibuli
  • Reissner’s Membrane*
  • Scala media (endolymph)
  • Basilar Membrane*
  • Scala tympani
24
Q

What frequencies are resonant at the apex vs the base of the cochlea?

A

Apex: low frequency

Base: High frequency

25
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A
  • the area of the cochlea where hair cells are located

- tectorial membrane is above it

26
Q

What is the functional difference between inner and outer hair cells?

A
  • Inner hair cells transmit signal to brain

- outer hair cells alter vibration of basilar membrane to fine tune the amplification of sound

27
Q

What does the stria vascularis do?

A

-produces endolymph

28
Q

What do hair cells in the utricle respond to?

A

Horizontal acceleration of body

29
Q

What do hair cells in the saccule?

A

Vertical accelerations of the body

30
Q

What is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)?

A
  • Most common cause of vertigo
  • displaced otoconia causing local distortion of fluid mechanics
  • just think, ear crystals
31
Q

What is superior canal dehiscence syndrome?

A
  • enhanced intracranial sound perception

- dizziness after hearing loud sounds and pressure changes

32
Q

What is vestibular neuritis?

A
  • acute unilateral vestibular deficit
  • presumably due to viral induced inflammation
  • probably from varicella zoster virus
33
Q

What is Meniere’s Disease?

A
  • metabolic disorder of inner ear homeostasis resulting in hearing loss and vertigo
  • caused by increased pressure within the membranous labyrinth, rupture, and leakage into the perilymph
34
Q

What three layers make up the tympanic membrane?

A

Cutaneous

Fibrous

Mucosal

35
Q

Why is the distal end of the incus always the first place to get all fucked up?

A

-it has a poor blood supply

36
Q

What muscle does the prevocalization reflex involve?

A

Tensor Tympani (V3)

37
Q

Outer hair cells are bound to the ________ above them.

A

Tectorial membrane

38
Q

What is Presbyacusis

A

-loss of high frequency hearing before low frequency hearing

39
Q

What nerve carries the pain of otitis media?

A

CN IX

40
Q

What is the roof of the middle ear cavity called?

A

Tegmen Tympani

41
Q

What kind of ganglion is the geniculate ganglion?

A

Sensory!

Term 3: Head and Neck (12 decks)

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