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Psych101: 6-Sensation and Perception > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

More information about the external world comes through our eyes more than through any other sense organ.

1
Q

What is the stimulus for vision?

A

Light

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2
Q

Light waves affect which psychological dimensions of our visual world?

A

Hue, Brightness, and Saturation

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3
Q

Hue is specified by…

A

Color names, and is related to wavelengths of light (difference between crests of a light wave)

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4
Q

Brightness is specified by…

A

Intensity of light, and is related to wave amplitude (max height)

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5
Q

Saturation is specified by…

A

Complexity of light

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6
Q

What protects the front part of they eye and bends incoming light towards the lens?

A

Cornea

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7
Q

What part of the eye becomes more or less curved to focus light from objects of different distances?

A

Lens

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8
Q

What part of the eye surrounds the pupil and gives it color?

A

Iris

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9
Q

What part of the eye dilates to allow more light to enter, or constricts to restrict light from entering?

A

Pupil

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10
Q

Where are the visual receptors of the eye located?

A

Visual receptors are located in the Retina; in the back of the eye.

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11
Q

Why is am am image initially processed as upside-down?

A

Because light from the top of the visual field stimulates receptors in the bottom of the retina and vice versa. The brain then interprets as right-side up.

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of visual receptors in the Retina?

A

Rods and Cones

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13
Q

Where is vision sharpest in the Retina, and what type of visual receptor is it comprised of?

A

Vision is sharpest in the Fovea (center) and it is comprised of Cones.

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14
Q

Which visual receptor is more effective in dim light, and is concentrated in the peripherals?

A

Rods

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15
Q

Which visual receptor needs more light to respond, and is more effective in sensing color?

A

Cones

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16
Q

Explain: Dark Adaptation

A

The process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light.

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17
Q

How does light reach the Visual Receptors?

A

Light must pass through ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and blood vessels in order to reach the visual receptors (rods and cones).

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18
Q

What is the function of the Optic Nerve?

A

The Optic Nerve carries information from the back of the eye to the Brain.

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19
Q

After light is received by the Visual Receptors, what is the direction of the neural impulse that will now travel to the brain?

A

Rods and Cones are connected by synapses to Bipolar Cells, which then communicate to neurons called Ganglion Cells, whose axons make up the Optic Nerve, which then carries the information from the back of the eye to the brain.

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20
Q

What part of the retina produces a blind spot, and why? Where is it located?

A

The Optic Disk produces a blind spot because there are no Rods or Cones located there. It is located where the Optic Nerve leaves the eye.

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21
Q

Speaking of the Visual System, what responds to SIMPLE features in the environment?

A

Ganglion Cells and neurons in the Thalamus.

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22
Q

Speaking of the Visual System, what responds to more COMPLEX features of the environment?

A

Feature-Detector Cells, located in the Visual Cortex.

23
Q

What could explain how one with brain damage can continue to recognize faces, even though they can’t recognize objects?

A

The conclusion that we are all inherently born with a Face Module in the brain.

24
Q

What are 2 theories that explain different stages of color vision?

A

Trichromatic Theory and Opponent-Process Theory.

25
Q

Which color vision theory proposes 3 mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to certain wavelengths (red, blue, green), and their combined interaction produces the varieties of hue?

A

Trichromatic Theory

26
Q

Which color vision theory assumes that the visual system treats pairs of colors (red,green-blue,yellow) as opposing or antagonistic?

A

Opponent-Process Theory

27
Q

Which color vision theory explains why we are susceptible to Negative Afterimages? (seeing a blue and red image after removing focus from a yellow and green image)

A

Opponent-Process Theory

28
Q

Define: Gestalt Principles

A

-principles that describe the brain’s organization of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns

29
Q

People organize their visual field into ______ and _______

A
  • figure

- ground

30
Q

What does Gestalt mean?

A

-form or configuration

31
Q

Explain: principle of proximity

A

-things near each other tend to be grouped together

32
Q

Explain: principle of closure

A

-the brain fills in gaps to perceive complete forms

33
Q

Explain: principle of similarity

A

-things that are alike in some way tend to be perceived as belonging together

34
Q

Explain: principle of continuity

A

-lines and patterns tend to be perceived as continuing in time and space

35
Q

What types of cues do we rely on to infer an object’s location by estimating its distance or depth?

A
  • binocular cues

- monocular cues

36
Q

What are some binocular cues?

A
  • convergence

- retinal disparity

37
Q

Define: convergenge

A
  • the turning of the eyes inward, which occurs when focusing on a nearby object
  • the closer an object, the greater the convergence
38
Q

Define: retinal disparity

A
  • the slight difference in lateral (sideways) separation between objects seen by the left eye and right eye
  • retinal disparity increases as the distance between two objects increases
39
Q

What are some monocular cues?

A
  • interposition
  • light and shadow
  • motion parallax
40
Q

Define: interposition

A

-an object that partly blocks or obscures another must be in front of the other one, and is seen as closer

41
Q

Define: light and shadow

A

-both give an object the appearance of 3 dimensions

42
Q

Define: motion parallax

A

-when an observer is moving, objects move at different speeds and directions

  • the faster it moves, the closer it appears
  • close objects appear to move backward; distant ones appear to move forward
43
Q

What are some other influences of perception of distance?

A
  • emotional state
  • a goal you are trying to reach
  • the effort necessary to reach that goal
44
Q

The accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanging despite changes in sensory patterns is called…

A

-perceptual constancy

45
Q

What are the 5 most studied constancies? (visual)

A
  • size
  • shape
  • location
  • brightness
  • color
46
Q

Define: size constancy

A

-object is seen as having a constant size, even when its retinal image becomes smaller or larger

47
Q

There is an intimate relationship between perceived _____ and perceived _______

A
  • size

- distance

48
Q

Define: shape constancy

A

-we perceive an object as having a constant shape, even though the shape of the retinal image produced by the object changes when our point of view changes

49
Q

Define: location constancy

A

-we perceive stationary objects as remaining in the same place, even though the retinal image moves as we move our eyes, head, and body

50
Q

Define: brightness constancy

A

-we see an object as having a relatively constant brightness, even though the amount of light they reflect changes as the overall level of illumination changes

51
Q

Define: color constancy

A

-we see an object as maintaining its hue, despite the fact that the wavelength of light reaching our eyes from the object may change as illumination changes

52
Q

Sensory adaptation can account for which constancy explanation?

A

color constancy

  • when computing color, the brain takes into account all the wavelengths of the visual field in an object’s immediate surroundings
  • we quickly adapt to wavelengths of light, so visual responses will be similar in different lighting situations
53
Q

When could we mistakenly perceive 2 objects of the same color as different colors?

A

-when the surroundings of the 2 objects are different

54
Q

How are perceptual illusions valuable to psychologists?

A

-they are systematic errors that provide hints about the perceptual strategies of the mind

Psych101: 6-Sensation and Perception (7 decks)

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