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Psych101: 6-Sensation and Perception > Other Senses > Flashcards

Other Senses Flashcards

1
Q

The sense of taste is referred to as…

A

-gustation

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2
Q

How does taste occur?

A

-chemicals stimulate thousands of receptors in the mouth

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3
Q

What are tiny bumps on the tongue called?

A

-papillae

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4
Q

What are papillae?

A
  • tiny bumps on tongue, which come in several forms

- all but one form is lined with taste buds

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5
Q

Are taste buds the receptors for taste?

A
  • no

- the actual receptor cells are inside the buds

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6
Q

Where are the actual receptor sites for taste?

A

-receptor sites are on tiny fibers that get sent out through an opening in the taste bud

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7
Q

How often do new taste receptor cells replace old ones?

A

-about every 10 days

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8
Q

Which part of the tongue contains NO taste buds? Why do we not sense this?

A
  • center of tongue contains no taste buds

- we cannot sense because our brain fills in the gaps

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9
Q

What are the 4 basic tastes?

A
  • sweet
  • salty
  • sour
  • bitter
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10
Q

Are there areas of the tongue for different tastes?

A

-no

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11
Q

Some researchers believe there is a 5th basic taste, called…

A

-umami

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12
Q

What does umami sense?

A

-the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is supposed to detect protein

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13
Q

Why are the findings on umami debatable?

A
  • umami taste is NOT perceptible in many foods containing protein
  • it lacks a hardwired response, which causes almost every person to react to it in the same way
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14
Q

Response to protein has been found in what part of the body?

A
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • it is not externally sensed, but when digested, it stimulates glutamate receptors in the gut which creates a conditioned preference for the sensory properties of protein-rich foods
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15
Q

People who have trouble detecting taste would most likely have problems with…

A

-sense of smell

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16
Q

The sense of smell is referred to as…

A

-olfaction

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17
Q

What are the receptors for smell? Where are they located?

A
  • specialized neurons

- embedded in mucuous membrane of the upper nasal passage

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18
Q

The receptors for smell respond to…

A

-chemical molecules in the air

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19
Q

What happens when a smell receptor responds to chemical molecules?

A

-signals from receptor are carried by olfactory nerve to olfactory bulb (in brain). From there, signals travel to a higher region of the brain

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20
Q

What do the axons of smell receptor neurons make up?

A

-olfactory nerve

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21
Q

How do we sense distinctive smells?

A
  • different odors activate unique combinations of receptors

- signals from different types of receptors are combined in individual neurons in the brain

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22
Q

Loss of smell can be a result of…

A
  • infection
  • disease
  • olfactory nerve injury
  • smoking
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23
Q

What could explain why odors have a psychological effect on us?

A

-olfactory centers in the brain are linked to areas that process memory and emotion

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24
Q

Explain: How a chemical molecule (odor) travels to the brain

A
  • molecules enter nose and circulate though the nasal cavity, where receptors are located
  • receptors’ axons make up the olfactory nerve, which carry signals to the brain (olfactory bulb)
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25
Q

Function: skin

A
  • protects our innards
  • gives us a sense of ourselves as distinct from the environment
  • helps us identify objects and establish intimacy with others
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26
Q

Basic skin senses include…

A
  • touch
  • pain
  • warmth
  • cold
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27
Q

Where are the receptors for skin?

A

-there has been difficulty in locating receptors for distinct sensations, aside from pressure

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28
Q

What kind of sense would you define pain as?

A
  • skin sense

- internal sense

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29
Q

What is an important distinction between the pain sense, and all other senses?

A

-when the stimulus producing it is removed, the sensation may continue

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30
Q

How are different types of pain distinguished internally?

A

-different types of pain involve different chemical changes and different changes in nerve cell activity at the site of injury

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31
Q

Several chemical substances are involved in distinguishing pain, as well as _____cells and cells that __________

A
  • glial cells

- cells that support nerve cells (can worsen pain by releasing inflammitory substances)

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32
Q

What is the leading explanation of pain?

A

-gate-control theory

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33
Q

According to the gate-control theory, what does the experience on pain depend on?

A

-whether pain impulses get past a neurological “gate” in the spinal cord, which then reaches the brain

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34
Q

Mild pressure or stimulation (ice pack, heat, ointments) can interfere with severe pain and do what?

A

-close the spinal gate

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35
Q

What keeps the “gate” closed?

A
  • incoming impulses from LARGE fibers

- incoming impulses from brain

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36
Q

What opens the “gate”?

A

-incoming impulses from SMALL fibers

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37
Q

The sense of taste is referred to as…

A

-gustation

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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38
Q

How does taste occur?

A

-chemicals stimulate thousands of receptors in the mouth

39
Q

What are tiny bumps on the tongue called?

A

-papillae

40
Q

What are papillae?

A
  • tiny bumps on tongue, which come in several forms

- all but one form is lined with taste buds

41
Q

Are taste buds the receptors for taste?

A
  • no

- the actual receptor cells are inside the buds

42
Q

Where are the actual receptor sites for taste?

A

-receptor sites are on tiny fibers that get sent out through an opening in the taste bud

43
Q

How often do new taste receptor cells replace old ones?

A

-about every 10 days

44
Q

Which part of the tongue contains NO taste buds? Why do we not sense this?

A
  • center of tongue contains no taste buds

- we cannot sense because our brain fills in the gaps

45
Q

What are the 4 basic tastes?

A
  • sweet
  • salty
  • sour
  • bitter
46
Q

Are there areas of the tongue for different tastes?

A

-no

47
Q

Some researchers believe there is a 5th basic taste, called…

A

-umami

48
Q

What does umami sense?

A

-the taste of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is supposed to detect protein

49
Q

Why are the findings on umami debatable?

A
  • umami taste is NOT perceptible in many foods containing protein
  • it lacks a hardwired response, which causes almost every person to react to it in the same way
50
Q

Response to protein has been found in what part of the body?

A
  • gastrointestinal tract
  • it is not externally sensed, but when digested, it stimulates glutamate receptors in the gut which creates a conditioned preference for the sensory properties of protein-rich foods
51
Q

People who have trouble detecting taste would most likely have problems with…

A

-sense of smell

52
Q

The sense of smell is referred to as…

A

-olfaction

53
Q

What are the receptors for smell? Where are they located?

A
  • specialized neurons

- embedded in mucuous membrane of the upper nasal passage

54
Q

The receptors for smell respond to…

A

-chemical molecules in the air

55
Q

What happens when a smell receptor responds to chemical molecules?

A

-signals from receptor are carried by olfactory nerve to olfactory bulb (in brain). From there, signals travel to a higher region of the brain

56
Q

What do the axons of smell receptor neurons make up?

A

-olfactory nerve

57
Q

How do we sense distinctive smells?

A
  • different odors activate unique combinations of receptors

- signals from different types of receptors are combined in individual neurons in the brain

58
Q

Loss of smell can be a result of…

A
  • infection
  • disease
  • olfactory nerve injury
  • smoking
59
Q

What could explain why odors have a psychological effect on us?

A

-olfactory centers in the brain are linked to areas that process memory and emotion

60
Q

Explain: How a chemical molecule (odor) travels to the brain

A
  • molecules enter nose and circulate though the nasal cavity, where receptors are located
  • receptors’ axons make up the olfactory nerve, which carry signals to the brain (olfactory bulb)
61
Q

Function: skin

A
  • protects our innards
  • gives us a sense of ourselves as distinct from the environment
  • helps us identify objects and establish intimacy with others
62
Q

Basic skin senses include…

A
  • touch
  • pain
  • warmth
  • cold
63
Q

Where are the receptors for skin?

A

-there has been difficulty in locating receptors for distinct sensations, aside from pressure

64
Q

What kind of sense would you define pain as?

A
  • skin sense

- internal sense

65
Q

What is an important distinction between the pain sense, and all other senses?

A

-when the stimulus producing it is removed, the sensation may continue

66
Q

How are different types of pain distinguished internally?

A

-different types of pain involve different chemical changes and different changes in nerve cell activity at the site of injury

67
Q

Several chemical substances are involved in distinguishing pain, as well as _____cells and cells that __________

A
  • glial cells

- cells that support nerve cells (can worsen pain by releasing inflammitory substances)

68
Q

What is the leading explanation of pain?

A

-gate-control theory

69
Q

According to the gate-control theory, what does the experience on pain depend on?

A

-whether pain impulses get past a neurological “gate” in the spinal cord, which then reaches the brain

70
Q

Mild pressure or stimulation (ice pack, heat, ointments) can interfere with severe pain and do what?

A

-close the spinal gate

71
Q

What keeps the “gate” closed?

A
  • incoming impulses from LARGE fibers

- incoming impulses from brain

72
Q

What opens the “gate”?

A

-incoming impulses from SMALL fibers

73
Q

What do LARGE fibers respond to?

A

-pressure and other kinds of stimulation

74
Q

What allows SMALL fibers to to send impulses and open the “gate”?

A

-bodily tissue injury damages LARGE fibers and allows the SMALL fibers to open the gate and let pain messages reach the brain

75
Q

Is the brain capable of generating pain on its own?

A

-yes

76
Q

What causes the brain to create pain on its own?

A

-when pain matrix of the brain produces abnormal patterns of activity

77
Q

What does abnormal patterns of activity in the brain’s pain matrix explain?

A

-instances of chronic or severe pain experienced in the absence of injury or disease

78
Q

Define: phantom pain

A

-experience of pain in a missing limb or other body part

79
Q

What is the prevalence of phantom pain in amputees?

A

-affects 90% of amputees

80
Q

What is the leading explanation of phantom pain?

A
  • the area in the sensory cortex that corresponded to the missing body part gets “invaded” by neurons from another area
  • and the brain interprets messages from the “invading” neurons as coming from the missing body part

Resulting in:
-an innacurate “body map” in the brain, where pain signals cannot be shut off

81
Q

What is a simple and effective treatment for phantom pain?

A

-mirror therapy

82
Q

Explain: mirror therapy

A
  • a mirror is placed so it looks like the amputee has 2 healthy limbs
  • the amputee is asked to move their 2 body parts while looking in the mirror
  • the brain is fooled into thinking the missing limb is healthy, and resynchronizes the signals…
  • phantom pain vanishes
83
Q

What combines with physiological factors to affect pain?

A

-psychological factors

84
Q

How do psychological and physiological factors combined, effect pain?

A
  • the severity

- person’s reaction to it

85
Q

What types of psychological factors tend to intensify pain?

A

-ruminating on pain
-expectation of pain
(high expectation = higher experience of pain)
(low expectation = lower experience of pain)

86
Q

Proven in studies, how can placebos reduce pain?

A
  • lowering expectation of pain

- promoting production of endorphins (body’s natural opiate)

87
Q

With psychological factors of pain introduced, what have pain-management programs incorporated?

A

-cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

88
Q

What are some CBT strategies for pain management?

A
  • substituting adaptive thoughts for negative thoughts

- coping mechanisms such as distraction and imagery

89
Q

What do CBT pain-management strategies affect in the brain?

A

-pain-processing and pain-modifying circuits in the brain

90
Q

What are 2 senses that keep us informed about the movements of our own bodies?

A
  • kinesthesis

- equilibrium

91
Q

Define: kinesthesis

A
  • tells us where body parts are and when they move

- information is provided by pain and pressure receptors in: muscles, joints, and tendons

92
Q

Define: equilibrium

A
  • sense of balance

- relies on 3 semicircular canals in the inner ear

93
Q

Function: semicircular canals

A
  • thin tubes filled with fluid that press on hair-like receptors when our head rotates
  • receptors initiate messages that travel through a part of the auditory nerve that is NOT involved in hearing

Psych101: 6-Sensation and Perception (7 decks)

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