Chapter Review

Question 1

Function: sense receptors

Answer 1

-convert energy from stimulus into electrical impulses that travel along nerves to the brain

Question 2

What types of codes account for separate sensations?

Answer 2

• anatomical codes

- functional codes

Question 3

Psychophysics studies…

Answer 3

• sensory sensitivity by measuring…
• absolute thresholds
• difference thresholds

Question 4

Signal-detection theory states…

Answer 4

• responses in a detection task consist of both:
• sensory process
• decision process

Question 5

Sensory adaptation occurs…

Answer 5

-when sensation is unchanging

Question 6

Sensory deprivation occurs…

Answer 6

-with too little stimulation

Question 7

We use selective attention to…

Answer 7

-avoid sensory overload

Question 8

Inattentional blindness is…

Answer 8

-failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it

Question 9

The stimulus for vision is…

Answer 9

-light

Question 10

How does light travel?

Answer 10

-in waves

Question 11

What produces experiences of hue?

Answer 11

-wavelength of light

Question 12

What produces experience of brightness?

Answer 12

-intensity of light

Question 13

What produces experience of saturation?

Answer 13

-complexity of light

Question 14

Where are visual receptors located?

Answer 14

-retina

Question 15

Where do signals from the visual receptors go?

Answer 15

-to ganglion cells, whose axons are connected to the optic nerve

Question 16

What is responsible for vision in dim light?

Answer 16

-rods

Question 17

What is responsible for color vision?

Answer 17

-cones

Question 18

What is the process of dark adaptation?

Answer 18

-rods and cones take time to adjust to dim illuminations

Question 19

Feature-detector cells…

Answer 19

-in the visual areas of the brain detect specific aspects of the environment

Question 20

Some researchers believe we have certain brain cells that make up a…

Answer 20

-face module

Question 21

Trichromatic theory…

Answer 21

• accounts for 1st level of color processing in the retina

- 3 types of cones respond to different wavelengths of light

Question 22

Opponent-process thoery,

Answer 22

• 2nd level of color processing in cells in retina and thalamus
• respond in opposite fashion to short and long wavelengths of light

Question 23

Gestalt principles, which describe visual strategies include…

Answer 23

• figure and ground
• proximity
• closure
• similarity
• continuity

Question 24

Binocular cues of depth and distance perception include…

Answer 24

• convergence

- retinal disparity

Question 25

Monocular cues of depth and distance include...

Answer 25

- interposition - light and shadow - motion parallax - relative size - texture gradients - relative clarity - linear perspective

Question 26

Perceptual constancy is...

Answer 26

- accurate perception of objects as stable despite changes in... - size - shape - location - brightness - color

Question 27

Perceptual illusions occur...

Answer 27

-when sensory information is misleading or misinterpreted

Question 28

The stimulus for hearing (audition) is...

Answer 28

-pressure wave or release of compressed ari

Question 29

Loudness corresponds to...

Answer 29

-intensity

Question 30

Pitch corresponds to...

Answer 30

-frequency

Question 31

Timbre corresponds to...

Answer 31

-complexity

Question 32

Receptors for hearing are ____ and are located...

Answer 32

- hair cells (clia) | - embedded in the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti in the interior of the cochlea

Question 33

Taste (_____), is a chemical sense

Answer 33

-gustation

Question 34

Papillae on the tongue contain...

Answer 34

-taste buds

Question 35

Where are taste receptors located?

Answer 35

-inside taste buds

Question 36

The basic tastes are...

Answer 36

- sweet - sour - salty - sweet - 5th is umami (not hardwired, is a conditioned preference that occurs in the gut)

Question 37

What can influence responds to a particular taste?

Answer 37

- genetic | - cultural differences

Question 38

Smell (_______), is a chemical sense

Answer 38

-olfaction

Question 39

What is responsible for smell variance?

Answer 39

-different odors activate unique combinations of receptors

Question 40

What affects people's response to odor?

Answer 40

-cultural and individual differences

Question 41

Senses of the skin include...

Answer 41

- touch - warmth - cold - pain

Question 42

Pain would be considered a ______ sense and an ________ sense

Answer 42

- skin sense | - internal sense

Question 43

The gate-control theory of pain holds...

Answer 43

-experience of pain depends on whether neural impulses get past a "gate" in the spinal cord and reach the brain

Question 44

What can close the spinal "gate"?

Answer 44

-impulses from large fibers, or the brain

Question 45

What can open the spinal "gate"?

Answer 45

-impulses from smaller fibers

Question 46

How can the brain generate pain in the absence of signals from sensory neurons?

Answer 46

-a matrix of neurons in the brain gives us a sense of our own bodies. Abnormal activity in the pain matrix results in pain

Question 47

What is the leading explanation of phantom pain?

Answer 47

- the brain has reorganized itself | - by incorrectly interpreting messages from neurons as coming from a non-existent body part

Question 48

Kinesthesis tells us...

Answer 48

-where our body parts are located

Question 49

Equilibrium tells us...

Answer 49

- orientation of the body | - it relies on 3 semicircular canals in the inner ear

Question 50

What do "visual cliff" experiments show?

Answer 50

-that even at 6months, babies have depth perception

Question 51

Perception can become impaired if what certain experiences are missed?

Answer 51

-critical periods

Question 52

Psychological influences on perception include...

Answer 52

- emotions - expectations - beliefs

Question 53

Psychological influences on perception produce...

Answer 53

-perceptual sets, which are also influenced by culture

Question 54

In priming...

Answer 54

- a person is exposed to subliminal information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another task - method is used to measure unconscious cognitive processes

Question 55

Has evidence of subliminal persuasion been found in commercially marketed ads and tapes?

Answer 55

-no