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1009 - Introduction to Cognitive and Biological Psychology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

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0
Q

Hue

A

Colour

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1
Q

Light

A

Electromagnetic radiation waves of electric and magnetic fields. Eye can distinguish wavelengths of 400 to 700 nano metres.

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2
Q

Saturation

A

Undisputed colour

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3
Q

Brightness

A

700 million different colour detections

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4
Q

Rods

A

Operate best in near darkness. Has poor perception

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5
Q

Cones

A

Operate best in bright lights. Colour recognition. Very precise.

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6
Q

Retina

A

Transduced light energy into electrical impulses. The cornea, pupil, and lens focus light into the retina. Nerve signals sent from retina, along optic nerve to brain. At back of eye. Contains photoreceptors.

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7
Q

Perception

A

Processes information to sense, identify, label, and prepare to react.

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8
Q

Ambiguity

A

Two different models. Same stimulus

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9
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which stimulation of sensory receptors produce neural impulses

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10
Q

Top down

A

Conceptually driven.

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11
Q

Bottom up

A

Data driven

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12
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationship between physical stimuli and the behaviour that the stimuli evoked

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13
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Distinguishing responsiveness of prolonged exposure to certain situations.

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14
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

A systematic approach to the problem of response bias

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15
Q

Response bias

A

Systematic tendency as a result of non sensory factors

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16
Q

Difference threshold

A

Physical difference between two stimuli

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17
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

The smallest difference between two sensations

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18
Q

Websters Law

A

An assertion that a size of a different threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus.

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19
Q

Transduction

A

Transformation of one form of energy into another

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20
Q

Pupil

A

The opening at the front of the eye in which light passes

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21
Q

Iris

A

Makes the pupil to constrict or dilate to control the amount of light entering eyeball

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22
Q

Lens

A

Flexible tissue that focuses light on the retina. It revers and inverts the light pattern as it does. Variable focussing ability.

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23
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

Changes the thickness of the lens, and hence it’s optical properties in a process called accommodation

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24
Q

Fovea

A

The area of the retina that’s contains densely packed cones and forms the point of sharpest view

25
Q

Bipolar cell

A

Nerve cell in the visual system that takes impulses from receptors and transmits to ganglion cells

26
Q

Ganglion Cell

A

A cell in the visual system that integrates impulses from many bipolar cells from a single firing rate

27
Q

Horizontal Cell

A

Integrates information across the retina. Connects receptors to each other.

28
Q

Amacrine Cell

A

Integrates info across retina. Link bipolar cells to bipolar cells. Ganglion cells to ganglion cells

29
Q

Blind spot

A

Where optic nerve leaves eye. No receptor cells are present.

30
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Axon of the ganglion cell that carries info from eye to brain

31
Q

Receptive field

A

Area of visual field where a neuron in the visual system responds

32
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

3types of colour receptors r,g,b

Primary colours

33
Q

Opponent process theory

A

All colour experiences arrive from 3systems each of which compose of 2 opponent elements
Red v green
Blue v yellow
Black v white

34
Q

Stimulus driven capture

A

When something captures ur attention despite ur goals

35
Q

Perceptual grouping

A

Studied by gestalt psychology…
Kurtz koffka, Wolfgang Koler, max wertheimer
Laws of proximity, closure, similarity,continuation, closure and common fate

36
Q

Law of proximity

A

Grouping together nearest elements

37
Q

Law of similarity

A

Group most similar elements

38
Q

Law of good continuation

A

Perceive lines as continuous even wen broken

39
Q

Law of closure

A

Fill in gaps automatically

40
Q

Law of common fate

A

Group together objects that appear to b moving

41
Q

Spatial integration

A

Combine info from fixations of different spartial locations

42
Q

Temporal intergration

A

Combine info from fixations from different moments in time

43
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

When stationary lights flash and make an object look like they are moving

44
Q

Depth perception

A

How objects are perceived in 3d space

45
Q

Binocular depth cue

A

Depth that uses information from both eyes. Retinal disparity and convergence

46
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Displacement between the horizontal positions of corresponding images in your two eyes

47
Q

Convergence

A

Is the degree at which the eye turns inward to fixate on an object

48
Q

Motion parallax

A

Alteration of depth perception. Used for moving objects, allows you to judge distance etc

49
Q

Monocular Depth Cue

A

Depth from one eye

50
Q

Interposition or occlusion

A

Depth perception based on an object behind an occluded image. Eg someone behind bars.

51
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

The ability Psychologists call a ‘phenomenon’ where you can retain a non changing perception of an object, despite variations in external stimuli and/or retinal image. As in fixating or focussing on an object whilst moving (driving)

52
Q

Size Constancy

A

Ability to perceive true size, despite variations in size of retinal image

53
Q

Shape constancy

A

Perceive true shape despite size in retinal image

54
Q

Lightness Constancy

A

Perceive the whiteness, blackness, or greyness of objects as constant changing levels of illumination

55
Q

Bottom Up

A

Sensory data available in environment, results of analysis are passed upwards to move abstract representation. Data driven processing.

56
Q

Top Down

A

Past experiences, knowledge, expectations, motivations, social and background influences change the way a perceived object is interpreted. Conceptually driven

57
Q

Ambiguity

A

May have more than one interpretation

58
Q

Set

A

Temporary readiness to perceive or react to a certain stimulus in a certain way. Three types of set. Motor, mental, and perceptual

59
Q

Motor Set

A

Quick, prepared response. Eg runner trains to come out of the block as fast as possible

60
Q

Mental set

A

Deal with situation, such as problem solving or a game in a way determined by learned rules, instructions, or habitual tendencies.

61
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Detect a particular stimulus in a particular context. Eg. New mother is set to hear cries of a newborn child.

1009 - Introduction to Cognitive and Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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