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1009 - Introduction to Cognitive and Biological Psychology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

0
Q

Hue

A

Colour

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1
Q

Light

A

Electromagnetic radiation waves of electric and magnetic fields. Eye can distinguish wavelengths of 400 to 700 nano metres.

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2
Q

Saturation

A

Undisputed colour

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3
Q

Brightness

A

700 million different colour detections

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4
Q

Rods

A

Operate best in near darkness. Has poor perception

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5
Q

Cones

A

Operate best in bright lights. Colour recognition. Very precise.

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6
Q

Retina

A

Transduced light energy into electrical impulses. The cornea, pupil, and lens focus light into the retina. Nerve signals sent from retina, along optic nerve to brain. At back of eye. Contains photoreceptors.

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7
Q

Perception

A

Processes information to sense, identify, label, and prepare to react.

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8
Q

Ambiguity

A

Two different models. Same stimulus

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9
Q

Sensation

A

The process by which stimulation of sensory receptors produce neural impulses

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10
Q

Top down

A

Conceptually driven.

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11
Q

Bottom up

A

Data driven

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12
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of relationship between physical stimuli and the behaviour that the stimuli evoked

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13
Q

Sensory Adaption

A

Distinguishing responsiveness of prolonged exposure to certain situations.

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14
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

A systematic approach to the problem of response bias

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15
Q

Response bias

A

Systematic tendency as a result of non sensory factors

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16
Q

Difference threshold

A

Physical difference between two stimuli

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17
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

The smallest difference between two sensations

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18
Q

Websters Law

A

An assertion that a size of a different threshold is proportional to the intensity of the standard stimulus.

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19
Q

Transduction

A

Transformation of one form of energy into another

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20
Q

Pupil

A

The opening at the front of the eye in which light passes

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21
Q

Iris

A

Makes the pupil to constrict or dilate to control the amount of light entering eyeball

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22
Q

Lens

A

Flexible tissue that focuses light on the retina. It revers and inverts the light pattern as it does. Variable focussing ability.

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23
Q

Ciliary Muscle

A

Changes the thickness of the lens, and hence it’s optical properties in a process called accommodation

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24
Fovea
The area of the retina that's contains densely packed cones and forms the point of sharpest view
25
Bipolar cell
Nerve cell in the visual system that takes impulses from receptors and transmits to ganglion cells
26
Ganglion Cell
A cell in the visual system that integrates impulses from many bipolar cells from a single firing rate
27
Horizontal Cell
Integrates information across the retina. Connects receptors to each other.
28
Amacrine Cell
Integrates info across retina. Link bipolar cells to bipolar cells. Ganglion cells to ganglion cells
29
Blind spot
Where optic nerve leaves eye. No receptor cells are present.
30
Optic Nerve
Axon of the ganglion cell that carries info from eye to brain
31
Receptive field
Area of visual field where a neuron in the visual system responds
32
Trichromatic theory
3types of colour receptors r,g,b | Primary colours
33
Opponent process theory
All colour experiences arrive from 3systems each of which compose of 2 opponent elements Red v green Blue v yellow Black v white
34
Stimulus driven capture
When something captures ur attention despite ur goals
35
Perceptual grouping
Studied by gestalt psychology... Kurtz koffka, Wolfgang Koler, max wertheimer Laws of proximity, closure, similarity,continuation, closure and common fate
36
Law of proximity
Grouping together nearest elements
37
Law of similarity
Group most similar elements
38
Law of good continuation
Perceive lines as continuous even wen broken
39
Law of closure
Fill in gaps automatically
40
Law of common fate
Group together objects that appear to b moving
41
Spatial integration
Combine info from fixations of different spartial locations
42
Temporal intergration
Combine info from fixations from different moments in time
43
Phi phenomenon
When stationary lights flash and make an object look like they are moving
44
Depth perception
How objects are perceived in 3d space
45
Binocular depth cue
Depth that uses information from both eyes. Retinal disparity and convergence
46
Retinal disparity
Displacement between the horizontal positions of corresponding images in your two eyes
47
Convergence
Is the degree at which the eye turns inward to fixate on an object
48
Motion parallax
Alteration of depth perception. Used for moving objects, allows you to judge distance etc
49
Monocular Depth Cue
Depth from one eye
50
Interposition or occlusion
Depth perception based on an object behind an occluded image. Eg someone behind bars.
51
Perceptual Constancy
The ability Psychologists call a 'phenomenon' where you can retain a non changing perception of an object, despite variations in external stimuli and/or retinal image. As in fixating or focussing on an object whilst moving (driving)
52
Size Constancy
Ability to perceive true size, despite variations in size of retinal image
53
Shape constancy
Perceive true shape despite size in retinal image
54
Lightness Constancy
Perceive the whiteness, blackness, or greyness of objects as constant changing levels of illumination
55
Bottom Up
Sensory data available in environment, results of analysis are passed upwards to move abstract representation. Data driven processing.
56
Top Down
Past experiences, knowledge, expectations, motivations, social and background influences change the way a perceived object is interpreted. Conceptually driven
57
Ambiguity
May have more than one interpretation
58
Set
Temporary readiness to perceive or react to a certain stimulus in a certain way. Three types of set. Motor, mental, and perceptual
59
Motor Set
Quick, prepared response. Eg runner trains to come out of the block as fast as possible
60
Mental set
Deal with situation, such as problem solving or a game in a way determined by learned rules, instructions, or habitual tendencies.
61
Perceptual Set
Detect a particular stimulus in a particular context. Eg. New mother is set to hear cries of a newborn child.

1009 - Introduction to Cognitive and Biological Psychology (5 decks)

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