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biopsych > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

specialized to absorb one kind of energy and transduce it into an electrochemical pattern in the brain.

A

receptor

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2
Q

how fast a neuron is firing

A

frequency of a response

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3
Q

defined as waves of electromagnetic energy between 400 and 700 nanometers (billionths of a meter) in length.

A

LIGHT

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4
Q

Indicates perception of color

A

WAVELENGTH

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5
Q

PIndicates perception of brightness

A

INTENSITY

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6
Q

Regulates the amount of light passing through.
Controls the size of the pupil.
Donut-shaped bands of contractile tissue.
Gives our eyes their color.

A

Iris

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7
Q

The hole in the iris where light enters.
Adjusts in response to changes in illumination.

A

Pupil

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8
Q

The ability to detect the presence of dimly lit objects.

A

Sensitivity

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9
Q

Ability to see the details of an object.

A

Acuity

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10
Q

Focuses incoming light on the retina.
Transparent, behind the pupil.

A

Lens

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11
Q

Increases the ability of the lens to refract (bend) light and thus brings close objects into sharp focus.

A

Ciliary muscles

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12
Q

The process of adjusting the configuration of the lenses to bring images into focus on the retina.

A

Accommodation

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13
Q

Clear, dome-shaped covering of the eyes.
Surface of the eyes.
Responsible for refraction of light.

A

Cornea

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14
Q

Tough white outer layer of the eyeball.

A

Sclera

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15
Q

Contains photoreceptors; lines the interior of the eye.
Converts light to neural signals and conducts them to the CNS for processing.

A

Retina

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16
Q

Detects and converts light to neurosignals.

A

Photoreceptors

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17
Q

Two kinds of photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones

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18
Q

Responsible for vision in low light (120 million in an eye).
Light sensitive.
At the periphery of the retina.
High sensitivity, low acuity

A

Rods

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19
Q

Responsible for color vision (6 million in an eye).
Color sensitive.
Densely packed at Fovea.
Low sensitivity, high acuity

A

Cones

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20
Q

the image falling on each retina is sharper and there is a greater depth of focus.

A

CONSTRICTION

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21
Q

let in more light, thereby sacrificing acuity and depth of focus.

A

DILATION

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22
Q

the difference in the position of the same image on the two retinas—is greater for close objects than for distant objects.

A

BINOCULAR DISPARITY

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23
Q

The theory that cones and rods mediate different kinds of vision.

A

Duplexity Theory

24
Q

Cone-mediated vision.
Predominates in good lighting and provides high acuity (finely detailed)

A

Photopic vision

25
Q

Rod-mediated vision.
Lacks both the detail and the color of photopic vision.

A

Scotopic vision

26
Q

Indentation at the center of the retina.
Central vision, specialized for high acuity vision.
Packed with cones.

A

Fovea

27
Q

Types of neurons in the eyes

A

Photoreceptors
Horizontal cells
Bipolar cells
Amacrine cells
Ganglion cells

28
Q

Integrates signals from across the surface of the retina.

A

Horizontal cells

29
Q

Forms part of the straight pathway bet. the photoreceptors and the ganglion cells.

A

Bipolar cells

30
Q

Integrates signals across adjacent segments of the retina.

A

Amacrine cells

31
Q

Containing axons and dendrites that connect the ganglion, bipolar, and amacrine cells.

A

Ganglion cells

32
Q

Types of ganglion cells

A

Parvocellular neurons
Magnocellular neurons
Koniocellular neurons

33
Q

Small cell bodies and receptive fields
Mostly in or near the fovea
Detect visual details
Respond to color
Still objects
Outer four layers.

A

Parvocellular neurons

34
Q

Larger cell bodies and receptive fields
Distributed evenly throughout the retina
Not color sensitive
Respond strongly to moving stimuli
Respond to large overall patterns but not to details
Inner two layers.

A

Magnocellular neurons

35
Q

A ganglion cell with several functions.
Axons terminate in several locations.
Ventral layer.

A

Koniocellular neurons

36
Q

carries the image formed on the retina to the brain in the form of electrical signal.

A

Optic nerve

37
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and also where blood vessels enter and leave.
Has no receptors, therefore, no vision is perceived at this spot.

A

Blindspot

38
Q

The “what” pathway.
Specialized for identifying and recognizing objects.
Temporal lobe is involved.

A

Ventral stream

39
Q

The “where” or “how” pathway
Helps the motor system find and use objects.
Parietal lobe is involved.

A

Dorsal stream

40
Q

Lobe for ventral stream

A

Temporal lobe

41
Q

Lobe for dorsal stream

A

Parietal lobe

42
Q

Visual pathway

A

Cornea > iris > pupil > lens > retina (receptors & bipolar cells > sends message to: ganglion cells > axons form: optic nerve) > optic chiasm > lateral geniculate nucleus > primary visual cortex > secondary visual cortex > temporal and parietal lobes

43
Q

the conversion of light to neural signals by the visual receptors.

A

VISUAL TRANSDUCTION

44
Q

photopigment found in rods.

A

RHODOPSIN

45
Q

Rods in the dark…

A
  1. Rhodopsin molecules are inactive.
  2. Sodium channels are kept open.
  3. Sodium ions flow into the rods, partially depolarizing them.
  4. Glutamate is released, depolarizing the membrane.
  5. Glutamate acts as an inhibitor, making bipolar cells hyperpolarized = at rest = no action potential.
  6. No signal at ganglion cells = no color vision.
46
Q

Rods in light…

A
  1. Light bleaches rhodopsin molecules.
  2. Sodium channels close.
  3. Sodium ions cannot enter rods, and the rods become hyperpolarized.
  4. Glutamate release is reduced.
  5. No more inhibition of transmission to bipolar cells.
  6. Bipolar cells can now release neurotransmitters to ganglion cells.
47
Q

According to this theory, there are three different kinds of color receptors (cones), each with a different spectral sensitivity, and the color of a particular stimulus is presumed to be encoded by the ratio of activity in the three kinds of receptors.

A

TRICHROMATIC THEORY

48
Q

Proponents of trichromatic theory

A

Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz

49
Q

• suggested that there are two different classes of cells in the visual system for encoding color and another class for encoding brightness.
• perceive color in terms of opposites because the brain has a mechanism that perceives color on a continuum from red to green, another from yellow to blue, and another from white to black.

A

OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY

50
Q

Proposed the OPPONENT-PROCESS THEORY

A

Ewald Hering

51
Q

are pairs of colors (e.g., green light and red light) that produce white or gray when combined in equal measure.

A

COMPLEMENTARY COLORS

52
Q

• refers to the fact that the perceived color of an object is not a simple function of the wavelengths reflected by it.
• ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting.

A

COLOR CONSTANCY

53
Q

a visual agnosia for faces that can be acquired either during development (developmental prosopagnosia) or as a result of brain injury.

A

PROSOPAGNOSIA

54
Q

difficulties recognizing movement.

A

MOVEMENT AGNOSIA

55
Q

difficulties recognizing objects.

A

OBJECT AGNOSIA

56
Q

difficulties recognizing colors.

A

COLOR AGNOSIA

57
Q

• is a deficiency in the ability to see movement progress in a normal smooth fashion.
• can be triggered by high doses of certain antidepressants.

A

AKINETOPSIA

biopsych (5 decks)

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