chapter 1

Question 1

cells that receive and transmit electrochemical
signals

Answer 1

neurons

Question 2

the scientific study of
the nervous system

Answer 2

neuroscience

Question 3

trying to understand biological phenomena
by comparing them in different species

Answer 3

comparative approach

Question 4

perspective that considers the environmental pressures that likely led to the evolution of our brains and behavior

Answer 4

evolutionary
perspective

Question 5

the ability of the brain to continuously grow and
change in response to the individual’s genes and experiences

Answer 5

neuroplasticity

Question 6

-scientific study of the biology of behavior
-biological approach to the study of psychology

Answer 6

biopsychology

Question 7

scientific study of behavior—the scientific study of
all overt activities of the organism as well as all the internal
processes that are presumed to underlie them

Answer 7

Psychology

Question 8

study of the structure of the nervous system

Answer 8

neuroanatomy

Question 9

study of the chemical bases of neural activity

Answer 9

neurochemistry

Question 10

study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Answer 10

neuroendocrinology

Question 11

study of nervous system disorders

Answer 11

neuropathology

Question 12

study of the effects of drugs on neural activity

Answer 12

neuropharmacology

Question 13

study of the functions and activities of the nervous system

Answer 13

neurophysiology

Question 14

two common types of nonexperimental studies

Answer 14

quasiexperimental studies and case studies

Question 15

method used by scientists to study causation

Answer 15

experiments

Question 16

different group of subjects is tested under each condition

Answer 16

between-subjects design

Question 17

testing the same group of subjects under each condition

Answer 17

within-subjects design

Question 18

variable measured by the experimenter to
assess the effect of the independent variable

Answer 18

dependent variable

Question 19

unintended difference that could affect the dependent variable

Answer 19

confounded variable

Question 20

These studies have the appearance of experiments,
but they are not true experiments because potential confounded variables have not been controlled

Answer 20

quasiexperimental studies

Question 21

-studies that focus on a single case or subject
-provide a more in-depth picture
than that provided by an experiment or a quasiexperimental study, and they are an excellent source of testable hypotheses.

Answer 21

case studies

Question 22

the degree to which results can be applied to other cases

Answer 22

generalizability

Question 23

motivated primarily by the
curiosity of the researcher

Answer 23

pure research

Question 24

research that is intended to bring about some direct benefit to humankind

Answer 24

applied research

Question 25

research that aims to translate the
findings of pure research into useful applications for humankind

Answer 25

translational research:

Question 26

division of biopsychology
that studies the neural mechanisms of behavior through
the direct manipulation and recording of the brain in controlled experiments

Answer 26

physiological psychology

Question 27

study of the effects of drugs on
the brain and behavior

Answer 27

psychopharmacology

Question 28

study of the psychological effects
of brain damage in human patients

Answer 28

neuropsychology

Question 29

division of biopsychology that
studies the relation between physiological activity and
psychological processes in human subjects

Answer 29

psychophysiology

Question 30

procedure where physiological activity is recorded from
the surface of the body

Answer 30

non-invasive psychophysiological recording procedures

Question 31

the usual measure of brain activity

Answer 31

(scalp) electroencephalogram (eeg)

Question 32

division of the nervous system that regulates the body’s inner environment

Answer 32

autonomic nervous system

Question 33

studies the neural bases/mechanisms of human cognition

Answer 33

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 34

a term that generally refers to higher intellectual processes such as thought, memory, attention, and complex perceptual processes

Answer 34

cognition

Question 35

a major method of cognitive neuroscience that records images of the activity of the living human brain

Answer 35

functional brain imaging

Question 36

-deals generally with the biology of behavior
-study of evolution, genetics, and adaptiveness of behavior
-compares the behavior of different
species in order to understand the evolution, genetics,
and adaptiveness of behavior

Answer 36

comparative psychology

Question 37

study of animal behavior in its natural environment

Answer 37

ethological research

Question 38

a subfield of comparative psych that focuses on understanding behavior by considering its likely evolutionary origins

Answer 38

evolutionary psychology

Question 39

study of genetic influences on behavior

Answer 39

behavioral genetics

Question 40

combining different biopsychological approaches to attain progress on a problem

Answer 40

converging operations

Question 41

characterized by severe memory loss that is largely caused by the brain damage associated with thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

Answer 41

korsakoff’s syndrome

Question 42

Russian physician who first described Korsakoff’s syndrome in 19th century

Answer 42

S.S. Korsakoff

Question 43

the fundamental method of biopsychology and of most other sciences

Answer 43

Scientific inference

Question 44

the rule to give precedence to the simplest interpretation when there are multiple possible interpretations for a behavioral observation

Answer 44

Morgan’s Canon

Question 45

awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for the development of prefrontal lobotomy 😤

Answer 45

Egas Moniz

Question 46

surgical procedure in which the connections
between the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain are cut as a treatment for mental illness

Answer 46

prefrontal lobotomy

Question 47

any brain surgery, such as prefrontal lobotomy, performed for the treatment of a psychological problem

Answer 47

psychosurgery