chapter 3 Flashcards
1
Q
division of the nervous system located within the skull and spine, consists of the brain and the spinal cord
A
central nervous system (cns)
2
Q
the division located outside the skull and spine; consists of the nerves all over the body
A
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
3
Q
part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment; concerned with voluntary actions
A
somatic nervous system (SNS)
4
Q
(SNS) carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system
A
afferent nerves
5
Q
carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles
A
efferent nerves
6
Q
the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment; concerned with involuntary stuff
A
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
7
Q
autonomic motor nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoracic (chest area) regions of the spinal cord
A
sympathetic nerves
8
Q
autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord
A
parasympathetic nerves
9
Q
protective membranes
A
meninges
10
Q
tough outer membrane
A
dura mater
11
Q
fine middle membrane
A
arachnoid membrane
12
Q
the space beneath the arachnoid membrane; contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid
A
subarachnoid space
13
Q
delicate innermost meninx, which adheres to the surface of the CNS
A
pia mater
14
Q
clear fluid that serves as cushion; fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain
A
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
15
Q
small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord
A
central canal
16
Q
the four large internal chambers of the brain
A
cerebral ventricles
17
Q
networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater which produce CSF
A
choroid plexuses
18
Q
connects the third and fourth ventricles
A
cerebral aqueduct
19
Q
a mechanism impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain; it is a consequence of the special structure of cerebral blood vessels
A
blood–brain barrier
20
Q
cells that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission
of electrochemical signals
A
neurons
21
Q
two layers of fat molecules that composes a neuron cell membrane
A
lipid bilayer
22
Q
membrane proteins through which certain molecules can pass
A
channel proteins
23
Q
transfer a signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane.
A
signal proteins
24
Q
semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron.
A
Cell membrane
25
The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons.
Dendrites
26
The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body.
Axon hillock
27
The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body
Axon
28
The metabolic center of the neuron; also called the soma.
Cell body
29
The fatty insulation around many axons.
Myelin
30
The gaps between sections of myelin.
Nodes of Ranvier
31
The buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses.
Buttons
32
The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted.
Synapses
33
neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body
multipolar neuron
34
neuron with one process extending from its cell body
unipolar neuron
35
neuron with two processes extending from its cell body
bipolar neuron
36
Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all
interneurons
37
Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses.
Synaptic vesicles
38
Molecules that are released from active
neurons and influence the activity of other cells.
Neurotransmitters
39
clusters of cell bodies in the CNS
nuclei (singular nucleus)
40
clusters of cell bodies in the PNS
ganglia (singular ganglion)
41
bundles of axons in the CNS
tracts
42
bundles of axons in the PNS
nerves
43
cells in the nervous system aside from neurons
glial cells or glia
44
glial cells with extensions rich in myelin that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the CNS
oligodendrocytes
45
fatty insulating substance that increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction
myelin sheaths
46
glial cells that constitutes one myelin segment on the axons of neurons in the PNS; can guide axonal
regeneration (regrowth) after damage
Schwann cells
47
respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris or even entire cells
microglia
48
largest glial cells, and they are so named because they are star-shaped; appear to play a role in allowing the passage of some chemicals from the blood into CNS neurons and in blocking other chemicals; ability to contract or relax blood vessels based on the blood flow demands of particular brain regions
Astrocytes
49
This discovery made it possible to see individual
neurons, although only in silhouette. Commonly used when the overall shape of neurons is of interest.
Golgi stain
50
Stain that's often used to estimate the number
of cell bodies in an area
Nissl stain
51
neuroanatomical technique that provides information about the details of neuronal structure
electron microscopy
52
used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area.
Anterograde tracing methods (forward)
53
used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area
Retrograde tracing methods (backward)
54
(in the spinal cord) H-shaped core composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
Gray matter
55
(in the spinal cord) composed largely of myelinated axons.
white matter
56
two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter
dorsal horns
57
two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter
ventral horns
58
All dorsal root axons, whether somatic or autonomic, are sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped together just outside the cord to form the...
dorsal root ganglia
59
neurons of the ventral root are _______, with their cell bodies in the ventral horns
motor (efferent) multipolar neurons
60
All dorsal root axons, whether somatic or autonomic,
are...
sensory (afferent) unipolar neurons
61
five swellings that compose the developing brain at
birth:
telencephalon (cerebrum)
diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
mesencephalon (midbrain: tectum & tegmentum)
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla)
62
The other four divisions of the brain are often referred to collectively as the _______, the stem on which the cerebral hemispheres sit.
brain stem
63
the most posterior division of the brain, is composed largely of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body
myelencephalon (or medulla)
64
It is a complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem; referred to as the reticular activating system, because parts of it seem to play a role in arousal
reticular formation
65
consists of the pons and cerebellum
metencephalon
66
the bulge on the brain stem’s ventral surface and is one major division of the metencephalon
pons
67
convoluted structure on the brain stem’s
dorsal surface; important sensorimotor structure
cerebellum (little brain)
68
Divided into tectum and tegmentum
mesencephalon
69
dorsal surface of the midbrain; composed of two pairs of bumps, the colliculi (little hills)
tectum (roof)
70
posterior pair of bump in the tectum; have an auditory function.
inferior colliculi
71
anterior pair of bumps in tectum; have a visual-motor function, specifically to direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli
superior colliculi
72
division of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum.
tegmentum
73
the gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct; role in mediating the analgesic (pain-reducing) effects of opioid drugs
periaqueductal gray
74
structures in tegmentum that are both important components of the sensorimotor system.
substantia nigra (black substance) and the red nucleus
75
composed of two structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus
diencephalon
76
large, two-lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem
thalamus
77
joins the two lobes of the thalamus (like corpus callosum for cerebral hemispheres)
massa intermedia
78
thalamic nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them, and then transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex
sensory relay nuclei
79
located just below the anterior thalamus; plays an important role in the regulation of several motivated
behaviors
hypothalamus
80
“snot gland”
pituitary gland
81
two other structures that appear on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus:
the optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies
82
the point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together.
optic chiasm
83
cross over to the other side of the brain
decussate
84
often considered to be part of the hypothalamus, are a pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus, just behind the pituitary
mammillary bodies
85
largest division of the human brain, mediates the brain’s most complex functions. It initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving.
telencephalon
86
layer of tissue that covers the cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex
87
have the effect of increasing the amount of cerebral cortex without increasing the overall volume of the brain.
convolutions
88
Not all mammals have convoluted cortexes; most mammals are smooth-brained or...
lissencephalic
89
large furrows in a convoluted cortex are called...
fissures
90
small furrows in a convoluted cortex are called...
sulci (singular sulcus)
91
ridges between fissures and sulci are called...
gyri (singular gyrus)
92
the cerebral hemispheres are almost completely separated by the largest of the fissures called...
longitudinal fissure
93
hemisphere-connecting tracts are called...
cerebral commissures
94
the largest cerebral commissure
corpus callosum
95
These fissures partially divide each hemisphere into four lobes.
central fissure and the lateral fissure
96
responsible for the analysis of visual input
occipital lobes
97
responsible for analyzing sensations from the body, spatial awareness, and directing our attention
parietal lobe
98
[superior temporal gyrus] involved in hearing and language, [inferior temporal cortex] identifies complex visual patterns, and [medial portion of temporal cortex] important for certain kinds of memory
temporal lobe
99
[precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex] have a motor function, [frontal cortex] performs complex cognitive functions
frontal lobe
100
large multipolar neurons with pyramid-shaped cell
bodies, a large dendrite called an apical dendrite
Pyramidal cells
101
small starshaped interneurons
stellate cells
102
six-layered cortex of relatively recent evolution
neocortex
103
area of cortex that is not neocortex; plays a major role in some kinds of memory, particularly memory for spatial location
hippocampus
104
circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus; involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors
limbic system
105
major structures of the limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, fornix, septum, and mammillary body
106
the almond-shaped nucleus in the anterior temporal lobe; involved in emotion, particularly fear
amygdala
107
is the large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres
cingulate cortex
108
major tract of the limbic system; also encircles the dorsal thalamus
fornix
109
midline nucleus located at the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex
septum
110
play a role in the performance of voluntary motor responses and decision-making
basal ganglia
111
Sweeping out of each amygdala, first in a posterior direction and then in an anterior direction, is the long tail-like...
caudate
112
round structure located at the center of each caudate
putamen (pronounced “pew-TAY-men”)
113
the caudate and the putamen are also known as...
striatum (striped structure)
114
pale circular structure of the basal ganglia
globus pallidus
115
a disorder characterized by rigidity, tremors, and
poverty of voluntary movement
Parkinson’s disease
116
thought to play a role in the rewarding effects of addictive drugs and other reinforcers
nucleus accumbens
