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biopsych > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

the general intellectual climate of our culture

A

zeitgeist

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2
Q

one element of the universe according to Descartes which behaves according to the laws of nature and is thus a suitable object of scientific investigation—the human body, including the brain, was assumed to be entirely physical, and so were nonhuman animals

A

physical matter

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3
Q

one element of the universe according to Descartes, which lacks physical substance, controls human behavior, obeys no natural laws, and is thus the appropriate purview of theChurch.

A

the human mind (soul, self, or spirit)

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4
Q

French philosopher who advocated a philosophy that resolved the conflict bet scientific knowledge and the church

A

René Descartes

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5
Q

the idea that the human brain and the mind are separate entities

A

cartesian dualism

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6
Q

a debate whether humans and other animals inherit their behavioral capacities or acquire them through learning

A

nature–nurture issue

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7
Q

father of behaviorism

A

John B. Watson,

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8
Q

study of animal behavior in the wild

A

ethology

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9
Q

behaviors that occur in all like members of a species,
even when there seems to have been no opportunity for
them to have been learned

A

instinctive behaviors

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10
Q

the assumption that some aspects of human psychological functioning are so complex that they could not possibly be the product of a physical brain

A

physiological-or-psychological thinking

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11
Q

deficiency in the awareness of parts of one’s own body; typically involves damage to the right parietal lobe.

A

asomatognosia

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12
Q

to undergo gradual orderly change

A

evolve

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13
Q

heritable traits that are associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely ones to be passed on to future

A

natural selection

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14
Q

the ability of an organism to survive and contribute its
genes to the next generation

A

fitness

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15
Q

established through combative encounters with other males of many species

A

socIal dominance

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16
Q

it precedes copulation in many species and is thought to promote the evolution of new species.

A

courtship display

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17
Q

group of organisms reproductively isolated from other organisms

A

species

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18
Q

members of the same species

A

conspecifics

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19
Q

animals with dorsal nerve cords

A

chordates

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20
Q

spinal bones

A

vertebrae

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21
Q

in their larval form must live in the water; only
adult can survive on land.

A

amphibians

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22
Q

the incidental nonadaptive evolutionary by-products

A

spandrels

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23
Q

evolved to serve one function and were later co-opted to serve another

A

exaptations

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24
Q

Structures that are similar because they have a common
evolutionary origin are termed…

A

homologous structures

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25
Q

structures that are similar but do not have a common evolutionary origin are termed…

A

analogous

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26
Q

evolution in unrelated species of similar solutions
to the same environmental demands

A

convergent evolution

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27
Q

folds on the cerebral surface

A

convolutions

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28
Q

mating arrangement in which the
members of both sexes indiscriminately copulate with
many different partners during each mating period.

A

promiscuity

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29
Q

enduring mating relationships

A

mating bonds

30
Q

-arrangement in which one male forms mating bonds with more than one female
-inevitable consequence of the selective bonding of female mammals and the nonselective bonding of male mammals

A

Polygyny

31
Q

-mating arrangement in which one female forms mating bonds with more than one male
-occurs only in species in which the contributions of the
males to reproduction are greater than those of the females

A

polyandry

32
Q

mate-bonding pattern in which enduring bonds are formed between one male and one female

A

Monogamy

33
Q

discrete traits that have only two contrasting phenotypic probabilities.

A

dichotomous traits

34
Q

breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait, generation after generation.

A

true-breeding lines

35
Q

always expressed when the connected allele is dominant, even if only one copy of the it exists

A

dominant trait

36
Q

expressed only if both the connected alleles are recessive

A

recessive trait

37
Q

organism’s observable traits

A

phenotype

38
Q

traits that it can pass on to its offspring through
its genetic material

A

genotype

39
Q

what do you call each inherited factor in genetics

A

gene

40
Q

two genes that control the same trait are called…

A

alleles

41
Q

Organisms that possess two identical genes for a trait are said to be…

A

homozygous

42
Q

those that possess two different genes for a trait are said to be…

A

heterozygous

43
Q

threadlike structures in the nucleus of each cell

A

chromosomes

44
Q

accidental alterations in individual genes

A

mutations

45
Q

four nucleotide bases

A

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosin

46
Q

typical chromosomes, which come in matched pairs

A

autosomal chromosomes

47
Q

pair of chromosomes that determines an individual’s sex

A

sex chromosomes

48
Q

Traits influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes

A

sex-linked traits

49
Q

long chains of amino acids; they control the physiological activities of cells and are important components of cellular structure (pp63)

A

Proteins

50
Q

stretches of DNA whose function is to determine whether particular structural genes initiate the synthesis of proteins and at what rate

A

Enhancers

51
Q

Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the extent
to which genes are expressed are called…

A

transcription factors

52
Q

is like DNA except that it contains the
nucleotide base uracil instead of thymine and has a phosphate and ribose backbone instead of a phosphate and deoxyribose backbone

A

ribonucleic acid (rna)

53
Q

strand of transcribed RNA; it carries the genetic code
out of the nucleus of the cell

A

messenger rna

54
Q

Each group of three consecutive nucleotide bases along
the messenger RNA strand is called…

A

codon

55
Q

two phases of the process of gene expression

A

transcription and translation

56
Q

a nearly complete map of the entire set of proteins
encoded for by our genes

A

human proteome

57
Q

the study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression

A

Epigenetics

58
Q

the reaction that occurs when a methyl group attaches to a DNA molecule, usually at cytosine sites in mammals

A

dna methylation

59
Q

proteins around which DNA is coiled

A

histones

60
Q

the reaction that occurs when histones change their shape and in so doing influence the shape of the adjacent DNA

A

histone remodeling

61
Q

epigenetic effect that regulates gene expression
by acting on messenger RNA rather than genes

A

rna editing

62
Q

a subfield of epigenetics that examines the transmission of experiences via epigenetic mechanisms across generations

A

transgenerational epigenetics

63
Q

the development of individuals over their life span

A

ontogeny

64
Q

the evolutionary development of species through the ages

A

phylogeny

65
Q

He showed that behavioral traits can be selectively
bred.

A

Tryon

66
Q

have proved that genes influence the development of behavior

A

Selective-breeding studies

67
Q

rare inherited neurological disorder that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body; can damage the brain and nervous system, which can lead to learning disabilities.

A

phenylketonuria (Pku)

68
Q

developed from the same zygote and thus are genetically similar

A

monozygotic twins

69
Q

developed from two zygotes and thus are no more similar
than any pair of siblings

A

dizygotic twins

70
Q

tell us about the contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences among the participants in a study

A

heritability estimate

biopsych (5 decks)

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