Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYCH 1XX3 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Which sense do we trust the most?

A

Vision

  • humans are incredibly reliant on vision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The _________ system processes and interprets visual info

A

Visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_________ is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a _______

A

LIGHT is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a WAVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance b/w successive peaks

  • different wavelengths shows different colours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Humans are only sensitive to a tiny portion of the total range of wavelengths of light called the _____________ ________________

A

Visible spectrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

__________ are the only mammals that see in colour

A

Primates

  • primates benefit from colour vision when foraging for food
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Wavelength is ____________ related to frequency

A

Inversely

  • shorter wavelength = higher frequency
  • longer wavelength = lower frequency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amplitude is an indication of perceived _____________

A

Brightness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ___________ properties of light determine what we perceive

A

Physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What psychological perception does wavelength/frequency determine?

A

Colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What psychological perception does amplitude determine?

A

Brightness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What psychological perception does purity determine?

A

Saturation (richness of colours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A light made up of only one wavelength is known as a ?

A

Pure light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How would the colour of a pure light be described?

A

Completely saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_________ light is a desaturated combination of many wavelengths

  • described as desaturated
A

Natural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Light first passes through the curved ________ which begins the focusing process

A

Cornea

  • the cornea is a transparent window at the front of the eye
  • the rest of the eye is covered by the white part called sclera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the light pass through after the cornea?

A

The pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What controls the size of the pupil?

A

Iris

  • if not enough light reach retina –> muscle causing pupil to dilate
  • if too much light reaching retina –> muscle causing pupil to constrict
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the iris consist of?

A

The iris consists of a band of muscles that is controlled by the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does light pass through after the lens?

A

The lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the transparent structure that does the final focusing of the light onto the retina at the back of the eye?

A

Lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the order when light reaches the retina?

A
  1. Cornea
  2. Pupil
  3. Lens
  4. Vitreous humour
  5. Retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The _____________ of the lens causes the image to land on the retina upside down and reversed from left to right and slightly smaller

A

Curvature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The _____ is a flexible tissue and can alter its shape by surrounding muscles which allow it to focus on objects that are close or far away

A

lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What happens to the shape of the lens if the object is close?

A

The lens get rounder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What happens to the shape of the lens if the object is far away?

A

The lens gets elongated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The lens ___________________ for the distance of object in focus

A

Accommodates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the change in lens shape to focus on objects that vary in distance called?

A

Accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the neural tissue that lines the back of the eye?

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What begins the translation of light into neural impulses?

A

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 3 layers that the retina contains?

A
  1. Photoreceptor layer
  2. Bipolar cells layer
  3. Ganglion cells layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The retina contains 3 layers with an “______-__-___” arrangement

A

Inside-to-out

  • layer at the very back of the eye (farthest away from light) is where the light-sensitive photoreceptors are located
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the cells in the retina that are responsible for translating the physical stimulus of light into a neural signal that is relayed to the brain called?

A

Photoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where do photoreceptors get their nutrients from?

A

From a layer of cells at the very back of the eye called the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)

  • this is why the photoreceptor layer is at the back of the eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the 2 types of photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cones

A
  • around 6 million
  • primarily for day vision
  • operate at hight light intensities
  • provide sensation of colour
  • good visual acuity/sharpness of detail
  • more concentrated towards the fovea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Rods

A
  • around 125 million
  • primarily for night vision
  • operate at low light intensities
  • provide no colour info
  • offer poor visual acuity
  • concentrated in the periphery
    - no rods in the fovea itself but an increase in concentration in the region just surrounding the fovea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The photoreceptors sends the information to the next layer of cells in the retina called the ________ ______

A

Bipolar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The bipolar cells sends their information on to the next layer of cells in the retina called the _________ ______

A

Ganglion cells

40
Q

Ganglion cells converge to form the _________ ______ at the optic disc

A

Optic Nerve

41
Q

The ganglion cells collect info from a larger segment of the retina. The axons of these cells all converge on one point in the eye called the __________ _______. Then eave the eye to join the optic nerve (which then go into the brain)

A

Optic disk

42
Q

Cells in the retina that allow areas within a retinal layer to communicate with each other are called ___________ _______ and ______________ _______

A

Horizontal cells & Amacrine cells

  • these cells allow info from adjacent photoreceptors to be combined
43
Q

Why do we have a blind spot?

A

Because the optic disk is like an exit hole in the eye for ganglion axons, this small area contains no photoreceptors at all so it constitutes our blind spot

44
Q

Smaller and more precise receptive field in ______ of retina (fovea)

A

Center

45
Q

Larger and coarser receptive field in __________ of retina

A

Periphery

46
Q

The collection of rods and cones in the retina that when stimulated affects the firing of a particular ganglion cell is called the ______________ ________ of that retinal ganglion cell

A

Receptive field

47
Q

The right and left halves of our visual field are processed by the ___________________ side of our brain

A

Contralateral

  • the input from one visual field is processed on the opposite side of the cortex
48
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

The point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye (closest to the nose) cross over to the opposite hemisphere

49
Q

The axons from the outside, temporal regions of each retina stay on the _________ hemisphere

A

Same

50
Q

After crossing, most ganglion cell axons synapse with the __________?

A

LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus)

  • LGN is part of the thalamus that receives visual info
51
Q

Each optic tract (left and right) contains only info from the ________________ visual field

A

Contralateral

52
Q

After the visual signals are processed at the LGN, they are send to areas in the occipital lobe that make up the ____________ _________ ________

A

Primary visual cortex

53
Q

Where does early visual processing occur in?

A

Occur in the primary visual cortex

54
Q

What is the primary visual cortex also known as?

A

Striate cortex
Area V1 of the occipital lobe

55
Q

What is the visual processing areas in the occipital lobe outside the striate cortex known as?

A

Extrastriate cortex

56
Q

The extrastriate cortex can be further divided into Area ___ through ____

A

Area V2 through V5

  • these are thought to subserve functions related to colour, motion and object recognition
57
Q

From the primary visual cortex, processed visual info are sent on to the extrastriate cortex and gets separated into the _______ & ___________ ________

A

Into the DORSAL & VENTRAL STREAM

58
Q

What is the dorsal stream referred to as?

A

The where pathway

59
Q

What does the dorsal stream process?

A

Processes where objects are (include depth, motion in field)

60
Q

Where does the dorsal stream progress from and to?

A

Progresses from the extrastriate cortex to the parietal lobe

61
Q

What is the ventral stream referred to as?

A

The what pathway

62
Q

What does the ventral stream process?

A

Processes what the object is (include colour and form)

63
Q

Where does the ventral stream progress from and to?

A

Progresses from the extrastriate cortex to the temporal lobe

64
Q

The receptive field of the LGN is made up of many __________ ___________ cells

A

Retinal ganglion cells

65
Q

Neurons converge their input as they travel down the visual system. What is the order?

A

Many
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS
v
GANGLION CELLS
v
LGN CELLS
v
VISUAL CORTICAL CELLS
Fewer

66
Q

What might eyes have started as?

A

May have started as a simple light sensitive patch

67
Q

What can a simple light sensitive patch eye do?

A

Able to detect the presence or absence of light

68
Q

After the light sensitive patch, what did the eye evolve into?

A

Curved “cup” eyes

  • a light sensitive patch formed into a slight depression
69
Q

What can curved cup eyes do?

A

May have evolved to detect the direction of light

70
Q

What did the curved cup eyes evolve into?

A

Pinhole eye/curved eye

71
Q

What can pinhole eyes/curved eyes do?

A

May have developed a pinhole to help focus light

  • allow organisms to resolve the detail of an image by changing the amount of light that enters the eye
72
Q

What evolved after pinhole eyes?

A

Crude lens

73
Q

What can crude lens do?

A

May have evolved to increase focusing

  • relatively solid so its shape changes very little
  • best suited for animals that do not rely heavily on visual acuity
74
Q

What evolved after crude lens?

A

Adjustable lens

75
Q

What can adjustable lens do?

A

An adjustable lens allows for accommodation

  • quite flexible and can adjust focus to process things at varying distances by changing lens shape
  • commonly found in vertebrates
76
Q

Cumulative selection

A

An evolutionary process whereby new adaptations are layered upon old adaptions

  • example: eye evolution
77
Q

Factors that affect the architecture of eyes across species

A
  • do they live in an area with light or not?
  • does food come from above or below?
  • movement, shape and colour of prey
78
Q

WHat are the two broad categories of eyes?

A

Simple eyes & compound eyes

79
Q

Simple eyes are mostly found in ___________

A

Vertebrates

  • the vertebrae eye can vary quite a bit in its design according to the environment the species live in
80
Q

Compound eyes are good for detecting movement at __________ distances

A

Close

81
Q

What are compound eyes made up of?

A

Made up of an arrangement of individual tubular units called ommatidia

  • each points at a slightly different direction to gather the light that lays directly in front of it
  • they form a single image by putting together many separate signals from each ommatidium
  • found in arthropods (eg. insects, crabs)
82
Q

What are the 2 functions of the eye?

A

Resolution (acuity) & sensitivity (ability to get enough light)

83
Q

Resolution and sensitivity of the eye depends on its ___________

A

Shape

  • larger eyes tends to have better acuity and sensitivity
84
Q

Eye _______ can benefit either acuity or night vision

A

Size

  • large eyes can either be filled with more rods for excellent night vision or more cones for excellent acuity
85
Q

What are laterally-directed eyes?

A

Eyes located on either side of the head

  • mostly prey animals so they can scan continually for predators
86
Q

Pros & cons of laterally-directed eyes

A

Pros
- wide total view
Essentially two separate fields of view

Con
- poor depth perception

*laterally-directed eyes sacrifice depth perception for field of view

87
Q

Front facing eyes

A

Both eyes directed towards the front

  • typically for predators
  • narrow total view
  • more binocular overlap
  • excellent depth perception
  • essentially a single field of view

*front facing eyes sacrifice field of view for depth perception

88
Q

Eyes begin developing __________

A

Prenatally

  • formed during 2nd month of pregnancy
89
Q

The eyes are capable of reacting to light in the __ month of pregnancy

A

6th

  • random firing of retinal cells also occur ( critical for the organized wiring of the retina cells, determining how neighbouring cells will be connected to each other)
90
Q

Visual development relies heavily on visual __________

A

Input

91
Q

_____________ interprets nerve impulses

A

Perception

  • perception is (unconscious) inference
92
Q

Active adaption

A

Have to actually do things (interact with the world)

  • Our brains can adapt to changes in vision but it takes quite a bit of time for it to adapt
93
Q

What are some brain assumptions on vision?

A
  • single light source
  • light from above
  • like objects are grouped together
  • objects grouped together, move together
94
Q

__________ functions by subconscious activity in secondary visual pathway (if the eyes are still intact)

A

Blindsight

  • Secondary visual pathway is unconscious
    - Get you to react before you’re consciously aware of it
  • Conscious visual pathway requires time
95
Q

Visual processing involves a ____________ and _____________ visual pathway

A

Primary & secondary visual pathway

96
Q

Conscious visual pathway

A

Photoreceptors –> ganglion cells –> V1

  • conscious visual perception
  • primary visual pathway
97
Q

Unconscious visual pathway

A

SC (superior colliculus) –> pulvinar –> extrastriate cortex

  • unconscious, automatic attention orientation
  • secondary visual pathway

PSYCH 1XX3 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions