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PSYCH 1XX3 > Neuroscience 1 > Flashcards

Neuroscience 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the mind according to Rene Descartes?

A

Exist outside of our biology but control our actions and thoughts

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2
Q

What is the brain according to Rene Descartes?

A

The physical brain serve as a connection b/w mind and body

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3
Q

What category of cells do neurons fall into?

A

Cells specialized for communication

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4
Q

What are the 2 zones in neurons?

A

Receptive zone and transmission zone

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5
Q

Receptive zone

A

Receive signals from other neurons and relay it down the axon

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6
Q

Transmission zone

A

Pass on signals to other cells received from the axon

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7
Q

What release the signal to neighbouring neurons?

A

Terminal boutons

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8
Q

What is part of the receptive zone?

A

Cell body, dendrites, part of axon

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9
Q

What is part of the transmission zone?

A

Terminal boutons, axon terminal, part of axon

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10
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Support, nourish and provide insulation for neurons

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11
Q

The difference in concentration of ions produces an _________ ___________ b/w the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

A

Electrical imbalance

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12
Q

Is the extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid more negative?

A

Intracellular fluid is more negative

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of potassium channels?

A

Voltage-gated K+ channels
Leak K+ channels

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14
Q

What does the leak K+ channels do?

A

Leak K+ channel is always on which allow K+ to pass through the cell membrane and out of the neuron

  • Maintain the resting potential of a neuron
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of sodium channels

A

Ligand-gated Na+ channels
Voltage-gated Na+ channels

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16
Q

Nearby ________ and random _______ ______ fluctuate the resting potential

A

Nearby NEURONS and random ION FLOW fluctuate the resting potential

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17
Q

What is the trigger for neural communication?

A

AP (action potential)

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18
Q

When the threshold is reached, what is send?

A

AP (action potential)

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19
Q

What is the starting resting potential inside a cell?

A

-70mV

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20
Q

What are the two refractory periods?

A

Absolute and relative refractory period

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21
Q

When does the absolute refractory period start & end?

A

Begins immediately once an AP is initiated

Ends once the membrane potential dips back below -50mV

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22
Q

Can you fire a second AP during the absolute refractory period?

A

NO
Impossible to initiate another AP at this time (no matter the strength of the stimulus)

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23
Q

When does the relative refractory period start & end?

A

Start right after the absolute refractory period ends

Lasts until resting potential is reestablished

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24
Q

Can you fire a second AP during the relative refractory period?

A

YES
Na+ channels can open and a second AP can occur but need a stronger stimulus

  • Harder but not impossible to initiate a second AP
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25
Q

What are the steps in firing an AP (ion channels)?

                  4 ^
                   /    \ 
                 /        \ 5
         3    /           \
              /              \
            /                  \                                                 
-------  2  --------------------- T
         /                     6 \                                                        
1 ---/                            \           8 --- RP
                                       \         /
                                         \     /
                                        7  v
A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Na+ channels open and Na+ enters (the start of the rise until the threshold in the graph)
  3. K+ channels opening and K+ begins to leave the cell (the continuing rise in the graph)
  4. K+ channels are fully opened and Na+ channels closed (at the peak of the graph)
  5. K+ channels closing and K+ continues to leave (the fall in the graph)
  6. Undershoot occurs where the voltage goes below the resting potential voltage
  7. K+ channels fully closed (at the lowest point in a graph)
  8. Return to resting potential

Threshold at -50mV
Resting potential (RP) at -70mV
Peak of the graph - typically 40mV

*Steps 2-5 is the ABSOLUTE refractory period
**Steps 6-7 is the RELATIVE refractory period

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26
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump help maintain?

A

Ion balance

  • remove Na+ from cell and replace it with K+
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27
Q

The sodium-potassium pump pump out ___ Na+ and in ____ K+

A

Pump out 3 Na+ and in 2 K+

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28
Q

How does myelin help APs?

A

Enhances the travelling speed of APs down an axon

29
Q

What are the myelin sheaths called for the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

30
Q

What are the myelin sheaths called for the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

31
Q

How do neurons encode for signals?

A

Through frequency and patterns of APs

*Not sizes!

32
Q

Where does the communication b/w neurons occur at?

A

At the synapse

  • It’s an indirect connection b/w neurons
  • The synapse is a junction where neurons communicate
33
Q

The presynaptic neuron contains ___________

A

neurotransmitters

34
Q

What releases the neurotransmitters into the extracellular fluid?

A

Vesicles

35
Q

Neurotransmitters float freely in the ________ ______

A

Synaptic cleft

36
Q

What do free neurotransmitters bind to?

A

Bind to post-synaptic receptors

37
Q

What do EPSPs stand for?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials

38
Q

What excites the post-synaptic neuron toward AP threshold?

A

EPSPs

39
Q

EPSPs can accumulate __________ or ___________

A

Temporally or spatially

40
Q

Temporal summation

A

High frequency stimulation by one presynaptic neuron

41
Q

Spatial summation

A

Simultaneous stimulation by several presynaptic neurons

42
Q

Spatiotemporal summation

A

Simultaneous, high frequency stimulation by several presynaptic neurons

43
Q

What are post-synaptic receptors that inhibit the neuron, away from the threshold called?

A

IPSPs - inhibitory post-synaptic potentials

44
Q

Neurons are in a constant push between ________ and _____ actions

A

Between excitatory and inhibitory actions

45
Q

The brain starts out as a what? then folds into a what?

A

Starts out as a neural plate, folding into a tube

46
Q

Brain development by days

A

Day 18 - form neural plate (primitive neural tissue)

Day 21 - form neural groove

Day 22 - form neural tube (neural groove closing to form neural tube)

Day 28 - Anterior neural folds (close to form brain)

47
Q

__________ _______ generate neurons in the ventricular zone

A

Founder cells

  • the ventricular zone are lined with founder cells
48
Q

Cells migrate ________ from the ventricular zone

A

Outward

49
Q

Where do neurons migrate from and to?

A

Neurons migrate from the ventricular zone to the cortical surface

50
Q

What cells provide scaffolding?

A

Radial glial cells

51
Q

The brain grows from the ______ ____

A

The brain grows from the INSIDE OUT

  • the deepest layers of the brain formed before the outermost layer
52
Q

Neurons that are born earlier or later travel a longer distance to reach their final destination?

A

Neurons born LATER travel a longer distance to reach their final destination

53
Q

Are neurons produced first or glial cells? What’s the exception?

A

Neurons are almost always produced before glial cells

Except radial glial cells

54
Q

Gene-environment interactions direct neural ____________

A

Gene-environment interactions direct neural differentiation
- Neuron’s role is determined by both genetics and environmental factors

  • After reaching its final destination, the neuron differentiates and takes on a specific function
55
Q

The specific function of a neuron is partly determined by what?

A

By genetics

56
Q

Gene-environment interactions: Genetics

A

Neuronal differentiation is partly determined by the location in the ventricular zone where a founder cell originated

57
Q

Gene-environment interactions: Environment

A

Neuronal differentiation is affected by:
1. surrounding cells
2. external environment

58
Q

How do neurons mature?

A

Neurons mature through making connections with each other

  • this last phase of neural development begins as soon as the neuron reach their final destination
59
Q

Do all neurons that are produced stay alive?

A

No

  • the ventricular zone produces many more neurons than needed
60
Q

Neurons that receive ____________ _______ from other neurons stay alive

A

Neurotrophic factors

  • there are only limited amount of neurotrophic factors in brain
61
Q

What do the neurons compete with each other for?

A

Neurotrophic factors in the brain

  • neurons that fail making connections are pruned away
62
Q

When do neural connections start to be pruned away? Why?

A

After infancy

  • this increases the processing efficiency of the brain and retains only the most useful connections
63
Q

The pruning of connections demonstrates the _______ of the brain

A

Plasticity

64
Q

What’s the neural development order?

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. migration
  3. differentiation
  4. maturation
65
Q

__________ key terms make something sound better and smarter and make people believe in it more

A

Neuroscience

66
Q

Naive realism

A

The belief that we see reality as it really is

67
Q

Free-Will

A

Freedom of humans to make choices that are not determined by prior causes or by divine intervention

68
Q

Outcome of decision can be initiated in brain activity up to 10s before entering _______

A

Awareness

PSYCH 1XX3 (6 decks)

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