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PSYCH 1XX3 > Form Perception > Flashcards

Form Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What describes how we group visual input in certain ways?

A

Laws of Organization/Grouping Tendencies

aka the Gestalt principles

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2
Q

Are the Gestalt principles innate?

A

Gestalt psychologists believe these are innate or acquired very rapidly after birth

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3
Q

What is the following Gestalt principle called?

The ability to determine what aspect of a visual scene is part of the figure and what is part of the background

A

Figure-ground segregation

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4
Q

How do figures look compared to the background?

A

Figures tend to have distinct borders or edges that give it a perceptible form and is perceived as being in front of the background (which can be formless or made up of multiple forms)

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5
Q

Our ability to segregate figure from background is an __________ process that is guided by cues and influenced by prior EXPERIENCES, BIAS & NEURISTICS

A

Automated

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6
Q

What is the following Gestalt principle called?

Elements that are close together in space tend to belong together

A

Proximity
- help with grouping

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7
Q

How does grouping work in regard of proximity?

A
  • Regions of high density as one group due to proximity
  • More likely to group objects that are closer together than far apart
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8
Q

What is the following Gestalt principle called?

If there are gaps in the contours of a shape, we tend to fill in those gaps and perceive a whole object

A

Closure
- we automatically fill in the parts we can’t see to perceive a single object

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9
Q

What is the following Gestalt principle called?

The tendency for us to group together elements that are physically similar

A

Similarity
- helps with grouping

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10
Q

How does grouping work in regards to similarity?

A
  • We tend to group together objects of the same type
  • We tend to see columns of the same elements as belonging together
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11
Q

What is the following Gestalt principle called?

Allows us to perceive a simple, continuous form rather than a combination of awkward forms

A

Continuity

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12
Q

What is the following Gestalt principle called?

The idea that things that change in the same way should be grouped together

A

Common fate
- helps with grouping
- explains why we can suddenly see a camouflaged animal once it moves

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13
Q

How does grouping work in regards of common fate?

A
  • objects moving together in the same direction tend to be grouped together
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14
Q

Which method of processing is this?

The features that are present in the stimulus itself guides object recognition

A

Bottom-up processing
- noticing the stimulus details itself first

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15
Q

What does bottom-up processing compare?

A

Compare every feature of the stimulus to memory

  • you recognize what you see by analyzing the individual features and comparing those features to things with similar features that you have in memory
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16
Q

Which method of processing is this?

Your own beliefs or expectations are the primary influence for determining what you’re seeing

A

Top-down processing
- using prior knowledge
- needs some input from the stimulus to work

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17
Q

___________ can be primed in top-down processing

A

Recognition

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18
Q

What is bi-directional activation?

A

Object recognition occurs when both top-down and bottom-up processing occurs together at once

  • the features of the object in combination with our expectations guide object recognition
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19
Q

What does Biederman’s geon theory suggest?

A
  • suggests that we have 36 different geons or simple geometrical forms, stored in memory
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20
Q

What does template theory suggest?

A
  • Suggests that we store many different templates in memory and we compare the object to all the templates in our memory
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21
Q

Differences between the template theory and exemplar theory

A
  • template theory requires an exact match between the object and template in order for recognition to occur
  • exemplar theory does not require an exact match for categorization
22
Q

Template theory

What happens if a template is found? If it is not found?

A

IF FOUND:
- the object is a familiar object and the person could name it by activating connections to other language areas in the brain

IF NOT FOUND:
- the object is an unfamiliar object and a new template is stored in the memory of this novel object

23
Q

What does the prototype theory suggest?

A
  • Suggests that we compare objects to our ideal prototype
24
Q

What does the prototype theory compare?

A

Comparing novel objects to our internal “best” representation

  • does not need to be an exact match between the object and what’s stored in memory
  • it’s likely we have more than 1 type of representation for each object
25
Q

What is the following constancy called?

Our ability to perceive an object as unchanging even though the visual image produced by the object is constantly changing

A

Perceptual constancy

26
Q

What is the following constancy called?

An object is perceived to have a constant shape despite the shape of its retinal image changing with shifts in point of view or changes in object position

A

Shape constancy

eg. a door is perceived as rectangular despite its visual chance when opening

27
Q

What is the following constancy called?

An object is perceived to be stationary despite changing location on our retina due to body movements

A

Location constancy

eg. when driving, we don’t perceive the objects to be moving

28
Q

What is the following constancy called?

An object is perceived to be the same size despite the size of its retinal image varying distance

A

Size constancy

eg. a person walking away is not perceived as shrinking in size

29
Q

What is the following constancy called?

An object is perceived to have a constant colour despite different illumination conditions

A

Colour constancy

eg. a white dog is still recognized even under a red light

30
Q

What is the following constancy called?

An object is perceived to be the same brightness despite reflecting more or less light onto our retina

A

Brightness constancy

eg. objects have the same brightness whether in high or low illumination

31
Q

Existing knowledge provides top-down influence on _________

A

Perception

32
Q

Existing knowledge makes sense of changing _______ stimuli

A

visual

33
Q

Cues in the scene indicate ____________ constancies

A

perceptual

34
Q

________ cues indicate the size of an object relative to its distance

A

Depth

35
Q

________ cues indicate the influence of a light on an object’s colour

A

Colour

36
Q

Perceptual constancies exist from prior _________ and cues in our _______

A

Prior knowledge & cues in our scene

37
Q

Visual illusions arise from ______________ in perception

A

Ambiguities

38
Q

The Muller-Lyer illusion misapplies ______ constancy and misinterprets ______

A

Size & depth

39
Q

Who is less susceptible to the Muller-Lyer illusion?

A

Cultures without exposure to right angles

40
Q

The Ames room manipulates _________ to trick size constancy

A

Distance

41
Q

The Ponzo illusion manipulates _________ cues to trick size constancy

A

Depth

42
Q

Visual illusions indicate that perception is an ________ process

A

Active

43
Q

What is the process in the brain when processing visual input?

A

Ganglion cells (in retina) –> exit via optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) –> primary visual area of cortex

44
Q

Why are some cells in the primary visual cortex called FEATURE-DETECTORS?

A

B/c they detect features

45
Q

Visual cortex neuron firing can be affected by the stimulus’s __________, ____________, ___________________

A

Location
Orientation
Direction of movement

46
Q

When does each feature detector cell fire maximally?

A

Each feature detector cell is very specific about what will make it fire the most

  • these cells fire maximally to stimuli of a certain shape, size, position and movement
    - this defines the receptive field for that cell
47
Q

What type of cell is the following?

Responds maximally to a bar of a certain orientation in a particular region of the retina

A

Simple cells

48
Q

How is the receptive field of simple cells organized?

A

In an opponent fashion

49
Q

What is the preferred orientation for simple cells

A

Horizontally aligned preferred orientation

50
Q

What type of cell is the following?

Responds maximally to a bar of a certain orientation, regardless of location

A

Complex cells
- some also respond maximally to a specific direction of movement
- indifferent to the position of the light on its receptive field
- some care about the direction of movement

51
Q

What type of cell is the following?

Responds maximally to a bar of a particular orientation and direction of movement, ending at specific points within the receptive field

A

Hypercomplex cell
- receptive fields have a region of inhibition at the end

52
Q

Why do we have 3 cell types?

A

B/c it allows the brain to optimally balance the function of each wile consuming the least possible amount of energy

PSYCH 1XX3 (6 decks)

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