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PSYCH 1XX3 > Neuroscience 2 > Flashcards

Neuroscience 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuraxis

A

Human nervous system axis

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2
Q

Dorsal & ventral

  1. At the level of spinal cord
  2. At the level of the head
A
  1. SPINAL CORD
    Dorsal = back
    Ventral = front
  2. HEAD
    Dorsal = up
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3
Q

Rostral & caudal

A

Rostral - to the top of the axis
Caudal - towards the bottom of the axis

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4
Q

What do brain injuries link?

A

Brain anatomy with behavioural deficits

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5
Q

Special techniques exist for studying the __________ and ________ of the brain

A

Special techniques exist for studying the STRUCTURE and FUNCTION of the brain

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6
Q

What are the 2 techniques to study the structure and function of the brain?

A

Lesion studies and targeted electrical stimulation

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7
Q

Techniques to study the structure and function of the brain:

Lesion studies

A

Lesion studies must be specific to target the function of a brain region

ADV - a direct measure of a brain structure’s function

DISADV - hard to selectively target particular regions and draw conclusions

SOL - Specific brain lesions can be studied in animal models

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8
Q

Techniques to study the structure and function of the brain:

Electrical stimulation

A

Targeted electrical stimulation can also provide insight on brain function

  • electrically stimulates an area of the brain and observes the result on behaviour to build an anatomical map related to the function
  • single cell stimulation helped map behaviour to specific brain regions
  • single cell recording reveals the function of individual neurons
  • the pattern of firing reveals a particular neuron’s functional role
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9
Q

Computed Tomography (CT)

A

CT scans produce structural slices of the brain

  • those x-ray lives of the brain are pieced together to produce a quick and inexpensive picture of the brain
  • helpful to diagnose brain injuries
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10
Q

Problem with CT scans

A

Low resolution –> difficult to examine fine brain anatomy

  • thus not often used in neuroscience research
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11
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Used for more detailed structure image of the brain

  • provides higher resolution images of the brain
  • takes much longer and more expensive
  • powerful magnetic fields are generated which align the H+ atoms found throughout the brain
    • while the atoms are aligned, MRI can be used to localize tissue very precisely throughout the brain
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12
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Display the functional role of brian structures

  • a radioactive tracer of glucose or oxygen is injected into the bloodstream
    • the radioactive molecules make their way to the brain and are used in metabolic processes which are detected by the PET scan
  • the more active brain area will use more metabolic resources thus an image of the brain’s relative pattern of activity can be constructed
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13
Q

Functional neuroimaging techniques examples

A

PET, FMRI

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14
Q

Structural neuroimaging techniques examples

A

CT and MRI

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15
Q

Disadvantage of PET

A

Requires a radioactive tracer to be injected
- a relatively invasive procedure

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16
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)

A

Often the preferred functional neuroimaging technique b/c it can produce a relatively clear image of the brain’s activity without the need for a radioactive tracer

  • uses many of the same principles as MRI
  • able to measure the relative use of O2 throughout the brain under the same basic assumption as the PET scan
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17
Q

What does FMRI measures?

A

The blood oxygen dependent signal

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18
Q

Disadvantage of FMRI

A

FMRIs provide temporally imprecise mapping of brain function

The images look striking but the oxygen used by the brain often spikes a few seconds later than the spikes of the functional activity in the brain

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19
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Displays the activity from specific populations of neurons

  • EEG records from a population of neurons to provide only a rough image of the brain’s overall activity
  • in an event created potential (ERP) experiment, a specific stimulation is presented to the participant repeatedly while the EEG is recording
  • the EEG will generally produce very noisy waves, the specific stimulus presented can have a small and consistent effect on the readout
    - by averaging the signal across many trials, the noise can be balanced out and a characteristic signal will remain

*when combined with the behavioural measure, EEG and ERP signals can be highly informative markers with very precise temporal resolution

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20
Q

What are the 3 groups of the brain

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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21
Q

What does the hindbrain connect?

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord

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22
Q

The hindbrain consists of what?

A

Medulla
Pons
Reticular Formation
Cerebellum

*RCMP - the hindbrain is primarily involved in the regulation of vital bodily function

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23
Q

What does the medulla regulates?

A

Regulates breathing, digestion, HR, autonomic reflexes (eg. sneezing)

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24
Q

What are the roles of pons?

A

Role in movement, auditory perception, emotional processing

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25
Q

What are the roles of reticular formation?

A

Role in arousal, motivation, circadian rhythms, posture and balance

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26
Q

What does the cerebellum facilitate?

A

Coordinated movement

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27
Q

What does the midbrain process?

A

Processes perception, arousal and motor control

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28
Q

What are the 2 major subdivisions of the midbrain?

A

Tectum and tegmentum

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29
Q

What are the 2 structures involved in functions related to perception and action that are part of the tectum?

A

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

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30
Q

What is the superior colliculus involved in?

A

Thought to be involved in eye movement and visual reflexes

*vision is superior thus superior colliculus

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31
Q

What is the inferior colliculus involved in?

A

Thought to be involved in auditory integration

*audition is inferior thus inferior colliculus

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32
Q

What does the tegmentum include?

A

Red nucleus and substantia nigra

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33
Q

What does red nucleus do?

A

Contributes to motor control

*Motor units involve muscles - muscles are red thus red nucleus control motor units

34
Q

What does substantia nigra do?

A

Plays an integral role in reward-related behaviours through the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine

35
Q

What does the forebrain control?

A

Complex functions (eg. emotions, thoughts, perception and memory)

36
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Control stress response, energy metabolism, hormonal control

  • Controls fight, flight, feeding and reproduction
37
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located in regard to the hypothalamus

A

Inferior to the hypothalamus

  • very small
38
Q

What is pituitary gland?

A

The master gland of the endocrine system

39
Q

What are the 2 subregions of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

40
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • Receives signals from the brain (usually via hypothalamus)
  • Releases stimulating hormones to regulate other important endocrine glands
41
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

An extension of the hypothalamus and releases 2 hormones (oxytocin and vasopressin)

42
Q

What are the 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

43
Q

What is oxytocin involved in?

A

Involved in basic physiological functions (eg. lactation) and plays a role in bonding, love and trust

44
Q

What does vasopressin regulate?

A

Vasopressin is a vital blood hormone that regulates levels of thirst by interacting with the kidneys to regulate glucose levels

45
Q

What is the relay station of the cortex?

A

The thalamus

46
Q

What is the one exception that bypasses the thalamus?

A

Olfaction - sense of smell

47
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

A symmetrical almond-shaped structure located just below the surface of the temporal lobe

48
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Receives sensory info and plays a role in decoding emotions, particularly stimuli that may be threatening

  • Decodes fear and emotion from sensation
49
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Horse shoe shaped structure in the temporal lobe

50
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in?

A

Involved in the process of memory and navigation

51
Q

What is the hippocampus connected to?

A

Connected with the amygdala

  • might be why strong emotions may be triggered by particular memories
52
Q

Hippocampus: memory

A
  • activity in the hippocampus is related to your ability to hold short-term memories
  • may be involved in the process of transferring to long-term memory
53
Q

Hippocampus: navigation

A

maintain a spatial map of the world around you

54
Q

____________ continues throughout adulthood in the hypothalamus

A

Neurogenesis

  • facilitates hippocampal memory function across the lifespan
55
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The birth of new neurons

56
Q

The ___________ system is highly interconnected and complex

A

The limbic system

57
Q

What does the cortex control?

A

Info processing and cognition

58
Q

What does the cerebral cortex refers to?

A

Refers to the outer layer of the brain

59
Q

_____ and _____ greatly increase the surface area of the cortex

A

Gyri and sulci

60
Q

Gyri

A

A ridge on the cortex or a bulge outwards

  • often linked to specific mental functions
61
Q

Sulci

A

An indent or gap between gyri

  • useful in indicating where the neural tissue responsible for one function ends and next function begins
62
Q

Fissures

A

Very deep sulci

  • often divide major areas of the cortex responsible for distinct mental processes
63
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe - lies at front of brain
Occipital lobe - lies at the back of the brain
Parietal lobe - between the front and occipital lobes
Temporal lobe - wraps around both sides of the brain

64
Q

What does the occipital lobe process?

A

Processes vision

  • contains the *primary visual cortex
65
Q

What does the temporal lobe process?

A

Processes visual form (higher visual processing), audition, memory and language

  • contains the *primary auditory cortex
66
Q

What does the parietal lobe process?

A

Processes touch and spatial location

  • directly along the central sulcus (at connection point with the frontal lobe) lies the *primary somatosensory cortex
  • contains a spatial representation of the world
67
Q

What does the frontal lobe process?

A

Processes decision-making and higher order thoughts

  • along the central sulcus (where frontal meets with parietal lobe) lies the *primary motor cortex (where motor commands originate)
68
Q

Brain lateralization (aka asymmetry)

A

Function that specializes to one side of the brain

69
Q

Language processing appears to be lateralized to the _______ hemisphere

A

Left hemisphere

70
Q

Expressive aphasia

A

Due to the Broca’s Area - motor production of speech

71
Q

Receptive aphasia

A

Due to the Wernicke’s Area - language comprehension

72
Q

What joins the two hemispheres of the brain together?

A

Corpus callosum

  • carries info b/w the two hemispheres of the brain
73
Q

What leads to Split Brain Syndrome?

A

A severed corpus callosum

  • split brain patients can’t communicate b/w their two hemispheres
74
Q

Biological predisposition to learn through _____________ behaviours

A

Modeling

75
Q

Theory of mind

A

The ability to attribute mental states — beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge — to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, intentions, and perspectives that are different from one’s own

76
Q

Motor neurons respond to _________-____________

A

Self-actions

77
Q

Mirror neurons respond to actions of ____________

A

Actions of others

  • you fire APs as someone else does the action
78
Q

How we recognize others?

A

Recognition (of their face) & emotional significance (emotional connections)

79
Q

Capgras Delusion

A

AKA the imposter syndrome

  • The ability to explain why you recognize someone but don’t have any emotions towards them
80
Q

Hemi-spatial neglect

A

Ignoring half of the world

  • Most of the time, they only pay attention to the right side of their life
  • Shows damage to parietal lobe
  • It’s an attentional issue, not visual

PSYCH 1XX3 (6 decks)

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