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ANATOMY HEAD AND NECK > Viscerocranium > Flashcards

Viscerocranium Flashcards

1
Q

The Treacher Collins Syndrome is due to bones defects (True/False)

A

False: it is due to bone and tissue defects.

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2
Q

Where do the viscerocranium, the mandible and the larynx develop from?

A

From the pharyngeal arches.

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3
Q

When do the main events in craniofacial morphogenesis occur?

A

Between the 4th and the 8th week. The face can be distinguished by the end of the second month.

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4
Q

When can we see the pharyngeal arches in the embryo? What do they give rise to?

A

During the 4th and 5th week. They are transient.
They give rise to bones in the cranium and pharynx as well as muscles of the face.

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5
Q

Main features in a 28 day embryo

A

Pharyngeal arches (face and neck), somites and optic and lens placodes.

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6
Q

Where does the mesenchyme in pharyngeal arches derive from?

A

From the CNCCs

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7
Q

What are pharyngeal arches composed of?

A

Cartilage, arteries, paraxial mesoderm (which will form striate muscle), cranial nerves, mesenchyme from CNCCs (which will form bone).

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8
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A

Structures such as ganglia, endocardial cushions, chromaffin cells, Schwann cells, melanocytes… but also bones and structures from the viscerocranium (which develop from the mesenchyme).

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9
Q

CNCCs from the forebrain migrate….

A

Anteriorly.

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10
Q

CNCCs of midbrain and hindbrain migrate…

A

To the pharyngeal arches.

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11
Q

CNCCs which migrate rostrally form the… which will develop into the…

A

FRONTONASAL PROMINENCE, FOREHEAD

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12
Q

CNCCs which migrate to the 1st PA form the…

A

Maxillary and mandibular prominences.

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13
Q

To which bones does the frontonasal prominence give rise to and how?

A

Frontal bone and part of the maxillary bone (primary palate) via membranous ossification.

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14
Q

To which bones does the mesenchyme of the maxillary prominence give rise to and how?

A

Squamous portion of the temporal bone, maxilla (secondary palate), palatine bone and zygomatic bone via membranous (direct) ossification.

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15
Q

To which bones does the mesenchyme of the mandibular prominence give rise to and how?

A

It gives rise to the mandible via membranous ossification.

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16
Q

What kind of ossification does skeleton which surrounds viscera in the neck undergo?

A

Either endochondral ossification or remain as cartilage.

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17
Q

Roof of the bony orbit

A

Frontal bone and lesser wing of the sphenoid

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18
Q

Lateral wall of the bony orbit

A

Zygomatic bone and greater wing of the sphenoid

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19
Q

Floor of the bony orbit

A

Maxillary bone, part of the zygomatic bone, orbital process of the palatine bone

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20
Q

Medial wall of the bony orbit

A

Lacrimal bone and orbital plate of the ethmoid bone

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21
Q

Foramina in the bony orbit

A

Supraorbital and infraorbital foramen, optic canal, superior orbital fissure, inferior orbital fissure, ethmoidal foramina and lacrimal groove.

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22
Q

Anatomical relation between the orbit and the maxillary sinus

A

The orbit is sitting on the maxillary sinus.

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23
Q

What is the anterior nasal aperture or piriform aperture formed of? (CROSS-SECTION)

A
  • The centre: vomer and the ethmoid, which forms the superior and middle conchae, the uncinate process and the ethmoidal bulla with ethmoidal cells.
  • The inferior conchae.
  • The lateral wall: maxilla (which forms the anterior nasal spine), as well as the lacrimal, ethmoid and palatine bones.
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24
Q

What are the choanae?

A

Openings between the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx.

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25
Q

Lateral wall of choanae/posterior nasal aperture

A

Sphenoid bone

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26
Q

Medial wall of posterior nasal aperture/choanae

A

Vomer

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27
Q

Floor of posterior nasal aperture/Choanae

A

Palatine bone

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28
Q

Roof of posterior nasal aperture

A

Sphenoid bone

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29
Q

From which bone does the posterior nasal spine come from?

A

From the palatine bone

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30
Q

Foramen which is the main way of passage into the nasal cavity

A

Sphenopalatine foramen

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31
Q

Roof of the nasal cavity

A

Sphenoid, ethmoid bone (cribriform plate), frontal bone, nasal bones

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32
Q

Main function of Choncae

A

Increase surface of mucosa

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33
Q

Lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

Frontal process of the maxilla, ethmoid bone (superior and middle conchae, uncinate process, ethmoidal bulla), lacrimal bone, perpendicular plate of the palatine bone.

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34
Q

Medial walls of the nasal cavity

A

Vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, cartilaginous septum

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35
Q

What is the anterior cranial fossa (located above the nasal cavity) formed of?

A
  • Middle part: crista galli and cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
  • Lateral part: frontal bone
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36
Q

Parts of the ethmoid bone

A
  • Crista galli and cribiform plate
  • Ethmoidal cells
  • Orbital plate and perpendicular plate
  • Superior and middle conchae
  • Infundibulum
  • Ethmoid bulla
  • Uncinate process
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37
Q

What is the nasal placode?

A

Ectodermal thickening induced by the underlying forebrain that will originate the olfactory epithelium.

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38
Q

Apart from the frontal bone, the frontonasal prominence forms…

A
  • Part of the tip of the nose
  • Philtrum of lip (upper part of the lip)
  • PRIMARY PALATE ( a part of the maxillary bone with 4 incisor teeth).
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39
Q

The primary palate derives from…

A

The frontonasal prominence

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40
Q

The maxillary prominence forms…

A

The secondary palate (the rest of the maxillary bone).

41
Q

Why do primary and second palate have different innervation and irrigation?

A

Because primary palate derives from FNP, while secondary palate derives from the maxillary prominence.

42
Q

When do primary and secondary palate fuse?

43
Q

At which level do primary and secondary palates fuse?

A

At the level of the incisive foramen.

44
Q

Medial nasal prominences fuse forming…

A

The tip of the nose

45
Q

What happens if the FNP (primary palate) and the maxilla (secondary palate) do not fuse properly?

A

Facial clefts are developed.

46
Q

Facial cleft which occurs in 1/1000 births

47
Q

Facial cleft in which both lip and maxillary bone have a cleft (it extends to incisive foramen)

A

Cleft palate

48
Q

Facial cleft because of incorrect fusion of maxillary processes between them

A

Isolated cleft palate

49
Q

Facial cleft in which the lacrimal canal is not formed at all, nasal prominences due not fuse correctly

A

Oblique facial cleft

50
Q

Mandibular prominence gives rise to…

A

The mandible

51
Q

In the mandible, in the distal region, what kind of ossification do we find?

A

Menckel’s cartilage undergoes endochondral ossification to form the symphysis.

52
Q

What kind of ossification do we find in the middle region of the mandible?

A

Meckel’s cartilage degenerates and osteoblasts differentiate directly from the mesenchyme of the 1st pharyngeal arch (intramembranous ossification).

53
Q

Orientation of the heads of the mandible

A

Their main axis forms an angle of 130 degrees.

54
Q

Mandible foramina

A

Mental and mandibular foramen

55
Q

Temporomandibular joint is a…

A

Symphysis (hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage)

56
Q

What happens when the jaw opens more than 15 degrees?

A

Condylar process (from the TMJ) gets displaced from the fosa anteriorly and there is a forward movement of the articular disc.

57
Q

To which 2 little ossicles does the 1st pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

Malleus and incus (auditory structures) (ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION)

58
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch gives rise to…

A

Stapes, styloid process (ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION) and stylohyoid ligament

59
Q

What kind of ossification does the hyoid bone undergo?

A

Endochondral ossification

60
Q

The superior part of the hyoid derives from…

61
Q

The inferior part of the hyoid derives from…

62
Q

4th pharyngeal arch gives rise to…

A

Epiglottis and thyroid cartilage

63
Q

6th pharyngeal arch gives rise to…

A

The cricoid cartilage

64
Q

Problems in the migration of CNCCs and the formation of the mesenchyme give rise to craniofacial defects (affecting bones) such as…

A

Treacher Collin Syndrome and Robin Sequence (alteration in 1st arch), as well as Velocardiofacial syndrome (heart is also affected because of problems in the formation of endocardial cushions).

65
Q

When do we start to recognise pharyngeal arches individually?

A

Beyond the 5th week

66
Q

What does the sphenopalatine foramen connect?

A

The nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa.

67
Q

Skeletal congenital malformations in the bones of the face usually present as isolated malformations, without any external or visible defects (T/F)

68
Q

The mandible originates from

69
Q

The placodes are thickenings of the ectoderm induced by the developing brain that will give rise to specialized sensory organs (T/F)

70
Q

The ethmoid bone ossifies via endochondral ossification (T/F)

71
Q

The striate muscles of the face, pharynx and larynx derive from non-condensed paraaxial mesoderm (T/F)

72
Q

The sphenoid bone ossifies via membranous ossification (T/F)

73
Q

When does the face of the embryo largely form?

A

during the 2nd month of development

74
Q

The facial skeleton derives from cranial neural crest cells (T/F)

75
Q

The inferior concha is part of the ethmoid bone (T/F)

76
Q

Indicate the CORRECT statement regarding the primary palate:

  1. it derives from the intermaxillary segment
  2. it is formed from the maxillary bone of each side
  3. it is posterior (or caudal) to the incisive foramen
  4. it is an isolated bone that forms early in development but later dissapears
A
  1. it derives from the intermaxillary segment
77
Q

Every structure we need to chew is give by… PA

78
Q

Trigeminal nerve is given by … PA

79
Q

Incus and malleus are developed from … PA

80
Q

Temporal bones are developed from… PA

81
Q

Zygomatic bone are developed from… PA

82
Q

Maxilla (upper jaw) is developed from … PA

83
Q

Mandible (lower jaw) is developed from … PA

84
Q

Name the three muscles developed from the 1st PA used for chewing

A

Temporalis, pterygoid and masseter

85
Q

Name the muscles that blocks the chewing noise and is derived from the 1st PA

A

Tensor tympani

86
Q

Muscles used for swallowing which derive from the 1st PA

A

Tensor veli palatini, mylohyoid muscles, anterior belly of digastric.

87
Q

PA arch involved in forming facial expressions

88
Q

Nerve derived from the 2nd PA

A

Facial nerve

89
Q

Styloid process is derived from… PA

90
Q

Hyoid bone is derived from…PA

91
Q

Stapes are derived from…PA

92
Q

Muscles that help in swallowing derived from 2nd PA

A

Posterior belly of the digastric, stylohyoid.

93
Q

Muscles that anchors stapes and is derived from 2nd PA

94
Q

Nerve coming from the 3rd PA

A

Glossopharyngeal

95
Q

Bone and muscle derived from 3rd PA

A

Hyoid bone and stylopharyngeus muscle

96
Q

Superior laryngeal from vagus nerve comes from … PA

97
Q

Recurrent laryngeal from vagus nerve comes from… PA

98
Q

From which pharyngeal arches do laryngeal cartilages come from?

A

4th and 6th

99
Q

Muscles from 4th PA

A

Levator palatini, pharyngeal constrictors, and crycothyroid

ANATOMY HEAD AND NECK (9 decks)

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