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BIO 2440 > Viruses, Viroids and Prions > Flashcards

Viruses, Viroids and Prions Flashcards

1
Q

Viruses

A
  • Aren’t considered living
  • Have DNA or RNA but not both
  • protein coat
  • has no ribosomes
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2
Q

Why are viruses considered non-living

A
  • They need a host to cause infection
  • Once it finds a host it will begin to multiply and cause infection
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3
Q

Obligatory intracellular parasite

A

Requires a host to multiply

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4
Q

Host range

A

The spectrum of the virus to cause infection to a host cell

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5
Q

Bacteriophage

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

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6
Q

How does viruses infect the host

A
  • Virus chemically interacts with specific receptors sites on the surface of the cell
  • The virus and the cell are held together by weak hydrogen bonds that later get stronger
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7
Q

Phage therapy

A
  • Using bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections
  • using viruses to treat diseases
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8
Q

Virons

A
  • Complete, fully developed viral infectious particles
  • Composed of nucleic acids and surrounded by protein coats
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9
Q

Nucleic acid structures of viruses

A
  • encoded by RNA or DNA but not both
  • Single stranded or double stranded
  • can be linear or circular
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10
Q

Capsid

A
  • Protein coat made of capsomeres
  • Visible in electron mircographs
  • protect nucleic acids from nucleases enzymes
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11
Q

Envelope

A

-Some combination of lipid, protein, or carbohydrates caoting on some viruses

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12
Q

Spikes

A
  • projections from outer surfaces
    -Protein complexes
  • Can be clumps of red blood cells (hemagglutination)
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13
Q

Viral morphology

A

-Helical
- Polyhedral
- Enveloped
- Complex
- Viroid

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14
Q

Helical virus

A
  • Hollow, cylindrical capsid
  • rabies and ebola
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15
Q

Polyhederal virus

A
  • many sided
  • animals, plants, and bacterial viruses
  • poliovirus, adenvirus
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16
Q

Complex virus

A
  • complicated structures
  • may have a polyhedral head and a helical tail or vice versa
  • Poxvirus
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17
Q

Viroid

A
  • Composed mostly of short strands of circular, single- strand RNA with no protein coating
  • smallest infectious pathogens known
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18
Q

Enveloped virus

A
  • roughly spherical
  • influenza, human herpes
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19
Q

What viral morphology causes rabies and ebola

A

Helical

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20
Q

What viral morphology has a polyhedral head and a helical tail or vice vera

A

Complex virus

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21
Q

What viral morphology causes poxvirus

A

complex virus

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22
Q

What viral morphology is know to be the smallest infectious pathogen

A

viroid

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23
Q

What viral morphology causes human herpes and influenza

A

enveloped virus

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24
Q

What viral morphology causes poliovirus and adenovirus

A

polyhedral virus

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25
Q

Taxonomy of viruses

A
  • classified into families by their genomics and structures
  • genus name: -virus
  • family name: -viridae
  • order name: - ales
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26
Q
  • virus
A

genus name
- herpesvirus

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27
Q

-viridae

A

family name
- simplexvirus

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28
Q
  • ales
A

order name
- human herpesvirusale

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29
Q

What do you grow bacteriophages in at the lab

A

liquid broth
solid medium

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30
Q

What can you grow animal viruses in at the lab

A
  • living animals
  • embryonated eggs
  • cell cultures
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31
Q

growing viruses in living animals

A
  • most studies about the immune system
  • some viruses cant be grown outside of the human body
  • use mice, rabbits and guinea pigs
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32
Q

growing viruses in embryonated eggs

A
  • viruses are injected into a small hole in an egg
  • helps develop viruses
  • viral growth is determined w/ the death of the egg
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33
Q

growing viruses in cell culture

A

-cell growth in cultured media
- more convenient than whole animals and eggs
- suspended in a solution that provides nutrients, growth factors and osmotic pressures

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34
Q

Cytopathic effect

A

visible effects on the host cell caused by the virus resulting in cell damage or death

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35
Q

Primary cell lines

A
  • tissues slices
  • tend to die after a few generations
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36
Q

Diploid cell lines

A
  • human embryos
  • maintain life for about 100 generation
  • used for culturing viruses that require a human host
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37
Q

Continuous cell lines

A
  • routinely grown in a lab
  • cancer cells
  • indefinite number of generations
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38
Q

Viral identification

A
  • blotting
  • electron microscope
  • ploymerase chain reaction
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39
Q

For viruses to multiply they

A
  • invade a host cells
  • must take over the host metabolic machinery
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40
Q

Lytic cycle

A
  • phage causes lysis and death of the host cell
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41
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A
  • Phage DNA is incorporated in the host
  • phage conversion
  • specialized transduction
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42
Q

Lytic cycle stages

A
  1. attachment
  2. penetration
  3. biosynthesis
  4. maturation
  5. release
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43
Q

What is the attachment stage of the lytic cycle

A
  • phage attaches by the tail fibers to the host cell
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44
Q

What is the penetration stage of the lytic cycle

A
  • phage lysozymes open the cell wall
  • the tail sheath forces the tails core and DNA into the cell
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45
Q

What is the biosynthesis stage of the lytic cycle

A
  • production of phage DNA and proteins
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46
Q

What is the maturation stage of the lytic cycle

A
  • assembly of phage particles
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47
Q

What is the release stage of the lytic cycle

A
  • phage lysozymes break the cell wall
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48
Q

What stage does the sheath tail forces DNA and core tail into a cell

A

Penetration

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48
Q

In what stage does lysozyme attach to the tail fibers of host cells

A

Attachment

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48
Q

In what stage of the lytic cycle are DNA and protein produced

A

Biosynthesis

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49
Q

At what stage in the lytic cycle are phages particles assembled

A

Maturation

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50
Q

At what stage in the lytic cycle do phage lysozyme break the cell wall

A

Release

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51
Q

Lysogeny

A

Phage remains latent

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52
Q

Prophage

A
  • Inserted phage DNA
  • Also replicated when host cells replicate their chromosomes
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53
Q

Phage conversion

A

the host cell exhibits new properties

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54
Q

stages of multiplication of animals viruses

A
  • attachment
  • entry
  • uncoating
  • biosynthesis
    -maturation
  • release
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55
Q

What happens in the attachment stage of multiplication of animal viruses

A

virus attaches to the cell membrane

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56
Q

What happens in the entry stage of multiplication of animal viruses

A

enter by receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion

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57
Q

What happens in the uncoating stage of multiplication of animal viruses

A
  • uncoating of viral or host enzymes
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58
Q

What happens in the biosynthesis stage of multiplication of animal viruses

A
  • production of nucleic acid and proteins
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59
Q

What happens in the maturation stage of multiplication of animal viruses

A

nucleic acid and capsid proteins assemble

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60
Q

What happens in the release stage of multiplication of animal viruses

A

viruses are released by budding(enveloped viruses) or rupture

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61
Q

In what stage of the multiplication of animal viruses does the virus go through fusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Entry

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62
Q

In what stage of the multiplication of animal viruses does production of nucleic acids and proteins get produced

A

biosynthesis

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63
Q

In what stage of the multiplication of animal viruses does nucleic acids and capsid proteins assemble

A

maturation

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64
Q

In what stage of the multiplication of animal viruses are budding and ruptures apart of

A

release

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65
Q

Where do viruses replicate their DNA

A

in the nucleus of thee host cell using viral enzymes

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66
Q

Adenoviridae

A
  • double stranded DNA
  • non-enveloped
    • Causes respiratory infections in humans
    • causes tumors in animals
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67
Q

Poxviridae

A
  • double stranded DNA
  • enveloped
    • causes skin lesions
    • vaccinnia and smallpox viruses
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68
Q

Herpesviridae

A
  • Double stranded DNA
  • enveloped
    • HHV-1 & 2 : Simplexvirus: cold sores
    • HHV- 3: Varicellovirus: chickenpox
    • HHV-4: Lymphocrytovirus: causes mononucleosis
      - HHV-5: Cytomegalovirus
      - HHV-6 & 7: Roseolovirus
      - HHV-8 Rhadinovirus: causes Kaposi’s sarcoma
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69
Q

Papovaviridae

A
  • double stranded DNA
  • non-enveloped
    • papillomavirus
      - causes warts and can transform cells and cause cancer
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70
Q

Hepadnaviridae

A
  • double stranded
  • enveloped
    • hepatitis B virus
      - uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA
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71
Q

What is a sarcoma

A

cancer of connective tissue

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72
Q

What is adenocarcinomas

A

cancer of glandular epithelial tissue

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73
Q

What are oncogenes

A

transform normal cell into cancerous cells

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74
Q

What is the oncogenic viruses

A
  • viruses that become intergrated into the host cell DNA
  • induces tumors
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75
Q

what are reasons cancer goes unnoticed

A
  • contagious viral diseases
  • cancers may not develop until long after viral infection
  • viruses infect cells but not induce cells
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76
Q

Normal cells to tumor cells

A
  • alterations of genetic material
  • oncogenes
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77
Q

Oncogenes

A
  • can bring about malignant transformation
  • can be activated by abnormal functions
    • mutagenic chemical
    • high-energy radiation
    • viruses
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78
Q

Oncogenic viruses

A
  • oncoviruses
  • viruses capable of inducing tumors in animals
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79
Q

transformation of tumor cells

A
  • change normal cells into cancerous cells
  • tend to be irregularly shaped
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80
Q

Tumor specific transplantation antigens (TSTA)

A
  • Viral antigens on the surface of a transformed cell
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81
Q

DNA oncogenic viruses

A
  • found in several families of of DNA containing viruses
  • adenoviridae, herpesviridae, poxviridae and more
  • HPV and HBV
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82
Q

RNA oncogenic viruses

A
  • only found in the Retroviridae family
  • Human T-cell leukemia viruses
  • Feline leukemia virus
  • produce cancer using reverse transcriptase
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83
Q

Is herpesvirides, anedoviriade RNA or DNA oncogenic

84
Q

are viruses in the Retroviridae DNA or RNA oncogenic

85
Q

Does RNA or DNA oncogenic viruses uses reverse transcriptase

86
Q

What viruses are used to treat cancer

A

Oncolytic viruses
- tumor destorying
- selectivly infect or kill tumor cells
- cause immune response against tumor cells
- ex: herpesvirus to treat melanoma

87
Q

Examples of latent diseases

A
  • cold sores
  • leukemia
  • Shingles
88
Q

Examples of persistent diseases

A

-Cervical cancer
- HIV/AIDS
- Liver cancer

89
Q

Prions

A
  • few infections are caused by prions
  • consist of a self replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acids
90
Q

Types of diseases prions cause

A
  • Mad cows disease
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Fatal familia insomnia
  • Sheep scrapie
91
Q

What causes prion infections

A
  • normal host glycoprotein( PrPc) converts into an infectious form (PrPsc)
  • Change is in the 20th chromosome
92
Q

Microbial antagonism

A

The competition between mircobes

93
Q

Symobiosis

A
  • relationship between normal microbiota and the host
94
Q

Commensalism

A
  • 1 organism benefits and the other is unaffected
95
Q

Mutualism

A

Both organisms benefit

96
Q

Parasitism

A

1 organism benefits and the other suffers

97
Q

can normal microbiota cause disease

A

Yes some are opportunistic pathogen

98
Q

What is Koch’s postulates

A

process of how to link a specific microbe to a specific disease

99
Q

Step of Koch’s postulates

A
  1. same pathogen much be present in every case of the disease
  2. pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in a pure culture
  3. pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when its inoculated into a healthy animal
  4. Pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and be shown as the original organism
100
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

A
  • Some pathogens cant be grown outside of a human host
  • some microbes have never been cultured
  • some pathogens cause many disease conditions
101
Q

What are the classification of infections disease

A
  • Symptoms
  • Signs
  • Syndromes
102
Q

Symptoms

A

Change in body function that are felt by the patient b/c of disease

103
Q

Signs

A

changes in the body that can be measures or observed b/c of disease

104
Q

Syndrome

A

specific group of songs and symptoms that accompany a disease

105
Q

How do you acquire normal mircobiota

A

through foods, your environment and other people

106
Q

Types of occurrence of a
disease

A
  • Sporadic
  • Endemic
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic
107
Q

What is sporadic disease

A

Disease that only occurs occasionally
- ex: typhoid fever

108
Q

What is an endemic disease

A

Disease constantly present in a population
- ex: common cold

109
Q

What is an epidemic

A

disease acquired by many people in an area in a short amount of time
- ex. AIDS

110
Q

What is an pandemic disease

A

worldwide disease
-ex: COVID-19, FLU, AIDS

111
Q

Acute disease

A
  • develops rapidly but lasts a short time
    -influenza
112
Q

Chronic disease

A

symptoms develop slowly
- cancer, alzheimers

113
Q

Subacute disease

A

Intermediate between acute and chronic
- panecephalitis (rare brain disease)

114
Q

Latent disease

A
  • inactive cause no causative agent but is later activated and produces symptoms
115
Q

Herd immunity

A

most of a population is immune to a disease

116
Q

Local infections

A

pathogens are limited to a small portion of the host

117
Q

Systemic infection

A

infection throughout the body

118
Q

Focal infection

A

systemic infection that was originally a local infection

119
Q

Sepsis

A

toxic inflammatory condition b/c the spread of microbes like bacteria and their toxins

120
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria in the blood

121
Q

Septicemia

A

growth of bacteria in the blood
- blood posioning

122
Q

Primary infection

A

acute infection that causes the initial infection

123
Q

secondary infection

A

opportunistic infections after the primary infection

124
Q

What makes you more susceptible to disease

A

gender, age, lifestyle, nutrition, inherited traits, chemotherapy ect.

125
Q

What are the stages of development in disease

A

Incubation period
prodromal period
period of illness
period of decline
period of convalescence

126
Q

Incubation period

A

time between initial infection and first signs and symptom

127
Q

Prodromal period

A

short period after incubation
mild symptoms

128
Q

Period of illness

A

disease is most severe

129
Q

Period of decline

A

signs and symptoms reduce
recovery stage

130
Q

Period of convalescence

A

body returns to normal

131
Q

What are the types of reserviors for infections

A
  • Human (carriers)
  • Animals (zoonoese)
    • from animal to human
  • nonliving
    • soil and water
132
Q

Types of contact trasmission

A

Direct
Indirect
Droplet

133
Q

Direct trasnmission

A
  • requires close association between the infected and a susceptible host
    • kissing, touching, sex ect…
134
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

to a host from a non-living object (fomite)
- door knobs, clothing, money ect.

135
Q

Droplet tranmission

A

airborne droplets spread less than l meter
- sneezing, coughing, talking ect.

136
Q

Vertical transmission

A

Transferred through a medium
- air, water, food, blood ect..

137
Q

types of vertical transmission

A
  • Airborne
  • Waterborne
  • Foodborne
138
Q

Airborne vertical transmission

A

by dust
- coughing and sneezing

139
Q

Waterborne vertical transmission

A
  • untreated or poorly treated sewers
    • Cholera, leptospirosis
140
Q

Foodborne vertical transmission

A
  • mainly through foods that aren’t cook correctly and poor sanitation/ refridgeration
141
Q

What are vectors

A
  • Animals that carry pathogens from one host to another
  • ex: insects
142
Q

What is an emerging infectious disease

A
  • new or changing and increasing or has potential to increase
143
Q

how infections emerge

A
  • genetic recombination
  • evolution
  • overuse of mircobials
  • ecological changes
  • failure of public health measures
144
Q

Morbidity vs Mortality

A

Morbidity: # of people affected in a total population at a giving time
Mortality: # of deaths in the population at a given time

145
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

146
Q

Virulence

A

the degree of pathogenicity
- the potency

147
Q

How does mircoorganisms enter the host

A

Mucocus membrane
Conjuctiva of the eye
Parenteral route

148
Q

entering the mucous membrane

A

most pathogens perferred entry portals

149
Q

microorganisms entering through the parental route

A

broken skin
bites
Injections

150
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose for 50% of populations sample
- measures virulence

151
Q

LD50

A

Lethal dose for 50% of populations sample
- measures potency of toxins

152
Q

Microorganisms entering through the skin

A
  • unbroken skin is impenetrable
  • gain access through body openings
    • hair follicles, sweat glands
153
Q

Adherence

A

pathogens attach to host tissue

154
Q

Adhesins

A

pathogens binding to receptor on host cell
- glycocalyx
- fimbriaae

155
Q

Components of the cell wall

A
  • M-protein
    Resist phagocytosis
  • Opa
    proteins allow attachment
  • Waxy lipid
    resist digestion
156
Q

Coagulases

A

Coagulate fibrinogen

157
Q

Kinases

A

digest fibrin clot

158
Q

Hyaluronidase

A
  • digest polysaccharides that hold cells together
  • helps spread microorganisms from their initial site of infection
159
Q

Collagenase

A
  • break down collagen
  • hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid
160
Q

IgA proteases

A

-destroys IgA antibodies
-defense against adherence

161
Q

Do moth pathogenic bacteria require iron

162
Q

Animal iron-bonding molecules

A

Transferrin ( serum )
Ferritin ( cytoplasm )
Lactoferrin ( sweat, tears and milk)

163
Q

What direct damage happends to the host after siderophoers

A
  • disrupts host cell function
  • produce waste
  • multiply in host cell and causes ruptures
164
Q

Toxins

A

posions substance produced by microorganisms
- produce fever, cardiovascular problems, shock ect.

165
Q

Toxigenicity

A

ability of a microbe to produce a toxin

166
Q

Toxemia

A

toxins in the host blood

167
Q

Intoxication

A

presence of toxins without microbial growth

168
Q

exotoxins

A
  • Secreted by bacteria and produced by proteins
169
Q

Antitoxins

A

Antibodies against a specific exotoxins

170
Q

Toxiods

A

inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines

171
Q

Leukocidins

A

kill phagocytic leukocytes

172
Q

Hemolysins

A

Kills erythrocytes by forming protein channels

173
Q

Streptolysins

A

hemolysins produced by streptcocci

174
Q

Lysogenic conversion

A
  • changes characteristics of a microbe due to incorporation of prophage
175
Q

Are endotoxins soluble or insoluble

A
  • Soluble
  • easily diffuse into blood and rapidly transport through the body
176
Q

What do endotoxins destroy

A

-Parts of the host cells
- Inhibits certain metabolic functions

177
Q

What does antitoxins provide immunity from

178
Q

How can you inactivate exotoxins

A

Heat
Formakdehydes
Iodine
other chemicals

179
Q

Neurotoxins

A

affect the nerve cells

180
Q

Cardiotoxins

A

Affect the heart cells

181
Q

Hepatotoxins

A

affects the liver cells

182
Q

Leukotoxin

A

affects the leukoytes

183
Q

Cytotoxins

A

affects a varitey of cells

184
Q

Enterotoxins

A

attack the gastrointestinal cells

185
Q

Types of endotoxin

A
  • A-B toxins
  • Membrane disrtupting toxin
  • superantigens
186
Q

A-B Toxin

A
  • polypeptide
  • A side (active enzyme component)
    B side: binding component
187
Q

Genotoxins

A
  • made by some gram neg. bacteria
  • chemical that damages DNA or RNA
    - causes mutations, disrupts cell divison and my lead to cancer
188
Q

Membrane disrupting toxins

A
  • causes lysis I host cells
    - by forming protein channels in the plasma membrane
189
Q

Leukocidins

A

toxins that kill leukocytes
- produced by staphylococci and streptococci

190
Q

Hemolysins

A
  • toxins that kill red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • streptococci produce streptolysis
191
Q

Superantigens

A
  • provoke immune response
  • Stimulates T-cells
    • staphylococcal toxins, toxic shock syndrome
      - caused by food posioning, encourage bacterial growthE
192
Q

Exotoxins

A
  • Toxin is part of the bacteria
    • outer portion of the cell wall of gram-neg,
      - consist of lipoproteins, phosholipids and lipoploysaccharides ( lipid A)
  • stimulates macrophages to release cytokines in toxic levels
  • Produces chills, aches, weakness, shock, death and can induce miscarriges
  • can activate blood clotting protein
  • don’t promote formation of effective antitoxins
    - antitoxins that are produced can enhance effects of the toxin
193
Q

Toxic shock

A
  • life- threatening decrease in blood pressure
    - affects kidneys, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract
    -weakens blood barrier that protected the nervous system
    - also causes more bacteria to enter the bloodstream
194
Q

Septic shock

A
  • caused by bacterial toxin
  • gram-neg. induce endotoxic shock
195
Q

Cytopathic effects

A
  • visible effects of viral infection
  • stop cell synthesis
  • changes host cells functions
  • produces interferons to protect uninfected cells
196
Q

lysogenic conversion

A
  • changes in characteristics of microbes due to a phage
  • results in immunity of the bacterial cell to the phage
197
Q

Viruses can produce _______ cytopathic effects

A
  • macromolecular synthensis in host cells which could inhibit mitosis
  • Host cells lysosomes release enzymes
  • make infected cells clump together to cause colds, smallpox, measles ect.
  • change host cell functions
  • induce antigenic changes
  • induce chromosomal changes in host cell
  • can cause cancer tranformations in host cells
198
Q

Interferons

A
  • Alpha and beta
  • stimulates macrophages activity (which plays a role in disease elimination)
199
Q

How does interferons protect their neighbors

A
  • inhibits synthesis of viral proteins
  • kill infected host cell ( apoptosis)
200
Q

Pathogenic fungi

A
  • no defined cell wall
  • metebolic products that are toxic to humans
  • capsules prevent phagocytosis
201
Q

Trichothecenes fungi

A
  • cause chills, nausea, headaches , vomitting if ingested
  • some are resistant to antifungal drugs
202
Q

Erogotism fungi

A
  • contains sclerota which is highly resistant to mycelia
  • causes hallucinations
203
Q

Mycotoxins fungi

A
  • causes death if ingested
  • phalloidim and amanitin
204
Q

Pathogenic protozoa

A
  • invade host cell and reproduce to casue ruptures
  • cause chronic disease
  • grows in phagocytes
205
Q

Helmiths

A
  • use host tissue to grow and produce parasitic mass to damage cellular
206
Q

Algae

A
  • some produce neurotoxins
  • shellfish
207
Q

Portals of exit

A
  • secretions
  • excretion
  • dischage
  • tissue
208
Q

Systems of exits

A
  • respiratory
    • mouth, nose during coughing or sneezing
      - tuberculosis, whooping cough, flu
  • Gastrointestinal
    - feces, saliva
    - rabies, salmellosis, cholera, STI
  • Skin or wounds
    - drainage from wound can spread bacteria
    - AIDS, hepititas B,
    -Blood
    - needles, syringes, bug bites

BIO 2440 (5 decks)

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