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BIO 2440 > MICROBIAL WORLD AND YOU > Flashcards

MICROBIAL WORLD AND YOU Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 types of microbes

A

Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses

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2
Q

What produces can microbes produce?

A

insulin, cellulase ect..

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3
Q

What chemical products can microbes produce?

A

ethanol, acetone and vitamins

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4
Q

How are microbes useful

A

Prevent food spoilage, can prevent disease and epidemics

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5
Q

Genus

A

Capitalized
ex: Escherichia, Staphylococcus ect.

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6
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryote
  • Peptidoglycan cell well (enclosed)
  • Binary fushion for reproducing and dividing
  • Single cel organism
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7
Q

Archea

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • found in extreme enviornment
  • 3 groups: methanogen, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles
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8
Q

What is a methanogen

A

bacteria that produces methane as a waste produce from respiration

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9
Q

What is an extreme halophile

A

bacteria that lives in extremely salty environment

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10
Q

What is extreme thermophiles

A

bacteria that lives in extremely hot environments

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11
Q

Fungi

A

-Eukaryotes
- can’t go through photosynthesis
- reproduces sexually and a sexually

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12
Q

What is the most common type of fungi

A

Mold called mycelia
- cottony growth found typically on bread

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13
Q

Protozoa

A
  • Eukaryotes unicellular
  • lives as a free entity or as a parasites
  • can be mobil using flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
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14
Q

Protozoa energy source

A

Light as energy and uses CO2 to produce sugar

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15
Q

Algae

A
  • Eukaryotes that are photosynthesized
  • Reproduces sexually and asexually
  • cell well made of cellulose
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16
Q

Where is algae found

A

Salt water, fresh water, soil and some plants

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17
Q

Algae important role

A

Balancing nature b/c it releases O2 and carbohydrates

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18
Q

Viruses

A

-Acellular
- Surrounded by a protein coat

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19
Q

How does viruses reproduce

A
  • By cellular machinary using other organisms
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20
Q

Multicellular animal parasites

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • 2 main group
  • Helminths are microscopes
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21
Q

What are the 2 main groups of multicellular animals parasites

A
  • Flatworms
  • Roundworms
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22
Q

What are the 3 domains of organisms

A

-Bacteria
- Archea
- Eukarya

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23
Q

Bacteria

A

cell wall contains peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Archea

A

Cell wall (if any) lacks peptiodgylcan

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25
Q

Eukarya

A

Fungi, plants, animals, protist

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26
Q

Eukaryotic fungi

A
  • unicellular yeast
  • multicellular molds
  • mushrooms
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27
Q

Eukaryotic plants

A
  • Mosses
  • ferns
  • flowing plants
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28
Q

Eukaryotic animals

A
  • sponges
  • worms
  • insects
  • vertebrates
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29
Q

Eukaryotic protist

A
  • Slime mold
  • protozoa
  • algae
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30
Q

Robert Hook

A
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • Made a crude microscope
  • lead the discovery of cell theory
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31
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A
  • First to observe live organisms w/ microscope
  • Animalcules
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32
Q

Redi

A
  • Set out to disproved spontaneous generation combustion
  • 2 jar experiment: one was left open and the other was sealed shut. The open jar produce maggots and the closed one didn’t
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33
Q

Spallaniza

A
  • “Vital source” was needed for generation
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34
Q

Pasteur

A
  • Disproved spontaneous generation “S-shaped flask experiment)
  • Proved that microorganism in the air contaminate and cause microbes
  • Fermentation
  • Pasteurization
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35
Q

Jospeh Lister

A
  • First physician to preform aseptic technique during surgery
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36
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Directly linked specific microbes to specific diseases
  • Kosh postulate: step by step why to isolate bacteria
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37
Q

Jenner

A
  • First vaccination
  • Cure smallpoxs using cowpox
  • Discovery that is you get the virius once its virulence factor decreases
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38
Q

Ehrlich

A
  • Magic bullet
    • used for chemothearpy
  • Find a way to harm the pathogen only and keep the host safe
  • Synthetic drugs
  • Discovered Salvarson which is used to fight against syphilis
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39
Q

Flemming

A

-Discovered antibiotics
- observed penicillin

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40
Q

Biogenesis

A

Theory that all living cells come from existing cells

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41
Q

Genomics

A

Study of genes and their functions

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42
Q

Microbial ecology

A
  • study of relationships between micrcoorganisms and their environment and how they interact with plants/ animals in various environments
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43
Q

Conjugation

A

the process of genetic information being tranferred from one bacterium to another

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44
Q

Bioremediation

A

the process of using bacteria to remover toxins
- from underground wells, chemical spills, toxic waste sites oil spills ect

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45
Q

Recombination DNA

A

used to produce natural proteins, vaccines and enzymes

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46
Q

Gene therapy

A

-Method of recombination DNA
- Inserting a missing or replacing a defective gene in humans
- uses a harmless virus to carry the gene into the host

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47
Q

Pasteurization

A
  • The application of applying high heat for a short amount of time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
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48
Q

Normal microbiota

A
  • Acquired as newborns
  • May colonize permentant residents or transient microbiota
  • only colonized where their are proper nutrients and the right environment
  • pervent growth of pathogens
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49
Q

What vitamins does the normal microbiota produce growth factors for

A

Vitamin B and K

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50
Q

Resistance factors for normal microbiota

A
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51
Q

Immunological benefits of normal microbiota

A

bacterial antagonism

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52
Q

Is biofilm harmful or helpful

A

Both

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53
Q

How is biofilm helpful

A

-Can protect mucous membrane from harmful microbes
-source of food in lakes

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54
Q

How is biofilm harmful

A
  • can clog pipes and medical devices
  • cause infection
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55
Q

where can you find biofilm

A

On teeth, on rocks in lakes, on medical devices

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56
Q

What is biofilm

A
  • A thin layer of slime that covers surfaces
  • its made of bacteria from the same species or a group of species
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57
Q

How can the body destroy biofilm

A
  • By fever, white blood cells, inflammatory response, antibiotics
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58
Q

What are the types of light microscopy

A
  • Compound
  • Darkfield
  • Brightfield
  • Phase-contrast microscopy
  • Differential interference contrast
  • fluorescence
  • confocal
59
Q

Compound microscope

A
  • Standard microscope
  • enlarge appearance
  • 40x, 100x, and 400x
  • Shorter wavelengths to provide greater resolution
60
Q

Bright field

A
  • Brightly illuminated background
  • dark specimen
    -Used to see visualized stained specimen
61
Q

Dark field

A
  • Dark background
  • Light visible speicmen
  • cant be stained the stand way
  • opaque disk blocks out the light
  • used to examine unstained microorganisms in liquid
62
Q

Phase-contrast

A
  • examines living organisms and internal cell structures (ex. DNA)
63
Q

Differential interference contrast

A

-Specimen is brightly colored and appears 3D
-Higher resolution than phase contrast

64
Q

Fluorescence

A
  • Uses UV light (short wavelengths)
  • used as a diagnostic technique to detect antigens in the body (ex. syphilis, rabies, tuberculosis ect.
    -Fluorescent antibody and immunofluorescent
  • cells maybe dye with fluorochrome if the dont naturally fluoresce
65
Q

Confocal

A
  • cells are stains with fluorochrome dyes
  • 3D image is made with a computer (stock images, digital images)
  • Used to examine cellular physiology
  • short wavelengths (blue)
66
Q

Two-photon microscopy

A
  • cells are dyed with fluorochrome dyes
  • long wavelengths (red)
  • study living cells ip to 1nm deep
67
Q

Scanning acoustic

A

-Measures sound waves from specimen
- used to study cells attached to surfaces
- cancer cells, artery plaque and bacteria biofilm

68
Q

Electron microscopy

A

-Uses electron instead of light
- shorter wavelength
- used for images too small to be seen with light microscopes (virus)
- 2 types: transmission and scanning electron

69
Q

Transmission electron

A
  • can be stained with heavy metal salts for contrast
    10pm resolution
  • Specimen is on a copper mesh grid
  • used to study the very smallest specimens
  • shadow casting ( helps determine actual size)
  • Disadvantages
    - very thin layers, no 3D aspect, specimens must be fixed, dehydrated and vacuumed which could cause damage
70
Q

Scanning electrons

A
  • provides 3D view of the specimen
  • used to study the surface structures of intact cells and viruses
71
Q

Scanning tunneling microscopy

A
  • used a thin tungsten probe to scan specimens
  • produces images that are used to reveal bumps and depressions of the atom on the surface of specimens
  • Provide great images of molecules like DNA
72
Q

Atomic force microscopy

A
  • Metal and diamond probe that gently forces down onto the specimen
  • creates a 3D image
  • used to image biological substances (atomic detail) and molecular process of fibrin (a componet in blood clots)
73
Q

Basic dyes

A

-positive ions
- crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green and safranin

74
Q

Acidic dyes

A
  • negative dyes
  • eosin, acid fushsin, and nigrosin
75
Q

Simple stains

A
  • highlights the entire microorganism so cell shape and basic structure is visible
  • uses methylene blue, carbofuchsin, crystal violet, and safranin
76
Q

Differential staining

A

-Gram staining
- postivite and negative staining

77
Q

Acid fast staining

A
  • Used to identify all bacteria of the Mycobacterium
78
Q

Special stains

A
  • used to stain specific parts of microorganisms
  • negative staining, endospore staining, flagella staining
79
Q

Negative staining

A
  • For capsules
  • doesn’t accept biological dyes
  • appears as halos around the bacterial cell
  • used to determine the virulence of the organism
80
Q

Endospore staining

A
  • uncommon in bacterial cells
  • ordinary methods of staining wont penetrate the endspore wall
  • malachite green is the primary stain
  • safranin is the counter stain
81
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • bacteria cell wall: peptidoglycan
  • archaea cell wall: pseudomurein
  • 1 circular chromosome not in a membrane
  • no organelles or histones
  • Divides by binary fushion
82
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • Polysaccharide cell well if present
  • Paired chromosomes
  • has organelles and histones
  • Divides by mitosis
83
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A
  • Coccus
  • Bacillus
  • Spiral
  • Star-shaped
  • Rectangular
84
Q

Coccus

A

Spherical/ circles

85
Q

Bacillus

A

Rods

86
Q

Spiral

A

Vibrio: comma
Spirillum: external flagella
Spirochete: endoflagella

87
Q

Star-shaped

A

-from food vacules

88
Q

Spherical shaped

A
  • from in nature
  • takes a lot of energy to maintain
89
Q

Pairs of bacteria

A

-Diplococci
- Diplobacilli

90
Q

Cluster of bacteria

A
  • Staphylococci
91
Q

Chain of bacteria

A
  • Streptococci
    -Streptobacilli
92
Q

Group of bacteria

A

Tetrads

93
Q

Cubelike group of eight

A

Sarcinae

94
Q

Glycocalyx

A
  • Sugar coating
  • sticky, gelatious polymer
  • A substance prokaryotes produce on thier surface
    -made inside the cell
  • described as a capsule
95
Q

What is glycocalyx made from

A
  • peptides
  • polysaccharides
  • or both
96
Q

What is a capsules

A
  • important contributor to bacterial virulences
  • protects pathogens from phagocytosis
97
Q

How is glycocalyx important to biofilm

A
  • helps biofilm adhere to their surface and the bacteria to each other
98
Q

Extracellular polymeric substance

A
  • helps facilitate communication
  • enables cells to attach to various surfaces
99
Q

How does glycocalyx protect cells

A
  • protects cells from dehydration
  • inhibits nutrient movement outside the cell
100
Q

Flagella

A
  • long filaments appendages that propel bacteria
101
Q

Types of flagella

A
  • Atrichous
  • pertitichous
  • polar
  • monotrichous
  • lopotrichous
  • amphitrichous
102
Q

Atrichous

A
  • bacteria that lack flagella
103
Q

Pertitichous

A
  • flagella all around the cell
104
Q

Polar flagella

A
  • flagella on one or both poles of the cell
105
Q

Monotrichous

A
  • single flagella on one pole of the cell
106
Q

lopotriichous

A
  • a bundle of flagella coming from one pole of the cell
107
Q

Amphitrichous

A
  • flagella at both poles of the cell
108
Q

3 basic parts of flagellum

A
  • Filament: long outer region
  • Hook: attaches to filaments
  • Basal body: anchors flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane
109
Q

Flagella runs vs swims

A

Runs: interrupted by periodic, abrupt and random changes in directions (tumbles)
Swims: no interruptions

110
Q

Chemotaxis

A
  • Chemical stimuli invloved
111
Q

Phototaxis

A

light stimuli invloved

112
Q

Atrractants

A

Chemotactic signs are positive

113
Q

Repellent

A

chemotactic signals are neg.
- results in multiple tumbles

114
Q

Archella

A
  • Knoblike structures that anchor archella to the cell
  • Pili and archaella use ATP for energy
  • consist of glycoproteins called archellin’s
115
Q

Axial filaments

A
  • spirachetes: group of bacteria with a unique shape and structure and mobility
  • Spriochetes move this way
116
Q

Fimbriae and Pili

A

Pilian is the protein that arranges around a central core and are divided into 2 : pili and fimbriae
- Pili mobility involves gliding and twitiching
- fimbriae can occur at the polor around the entire cell
- Fimbriae: has hairlike appendages that allow attachment

117
Q

Conjugation pili

A

DNA transfer from one cell to another

118
Q

Gram- positive cell walls

A
  • Teichoic acid
    • lipoteinchoic acid links cell wells to plasma membranes
    • carries a negative charge
  • polysaccharides and teichoic acid provide anitgenic specificity
  • produces exotoxins
  • high susceptibility to penicillin
  • disrupted by lysoxymes
119
Q

Gram- negative cell wall

A
  • outer membrane and the plasma membrane
  • outer membrane is made of ploysaccharides, lipoprotiens, and phospholipids
  • produces exotoxins and endotoxins
  • low susceptibility to penicillin
120
Q

Damage to the cell wall

A
  • lysozymes hydrolyzes bOnds in peptidoglycan (GRAM P)
    -Penicillin ( GRAM P)
  • Spheroplast
  • Irregular shaped cell walls
121
Q

Chemical and physcial requirements for growth

A

Chemicals:
-C, N, S, P, O
- Trace elements
- Organic growth factors
Physical:
- Temp
- pH
- Osmotic pressure

122
Q

Temperture

A

Psychrophiles: cold
Mesophiles: moderate
thermophiles: hot

123
Q

Psychrophiles

A
  • 0’ C
  • Slowly degrades food
  • slime on food
  • off taste or color to food
124
Q

Mesophile

A

-25-40’ C
- Host temp
- pathogenic bacteria is usually 37’ C
- Food spoilage and disease organism

125
Q

Thermophiles

A
  • 50 - 60’ C
    -Cant grow below 45’ C
  • Not considered a health problem
126
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A
  • 80’C or higher
  • hot springs w/ volcanic activity
  • sulfur in their metooblic activity
127
Q

pH of bacteria

A
  • Most bacteria is neutral (6.5 -7.5)
128
Q

Acidic bacterias

A
  • acidphiles
  • pickles, sauerkraut, most cheeses and bacteria fermentation
  • Molds and yeast
129
Q

Osmotic pressure in bacteria

A
  • Pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the plasma membrane
  • get nutrients from surrounding water
  • plasmolysis: shrinkage of cytoplasm
130
Q

Types of movement across the membrane

A
  • Passive process
  • Active processes
131
Q

Passive process

A
  • moves from high to low concentration
  • goes with the flow
  • no energy needed
    EX: simple diffusion and facillitated diffusion and osmosis
132
Q

Simple diffusion

A
  • from high concentration to low concentration
  • continues till equalilbrium is reached
133
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • transporter protein helps with moving across the membrane
  • transport ion and large molecules
134
Q

Osmosis

A
  • the movement of water across the membrane
  • high water to a low area of water concentration
  • through the lipid bilayer
  • aquaporins ( water channels)
135
Q

Active processes

A
  • Active transport
136
Q

Active transport

A
  • requires ATP and transport protein
  • Low concentration to a high concetration
137
Q

Aerobes

A

Uses oxygen for nutrients

138
Q

anaerobes

A

dont need oxygen

139
Q

obligated aerobes

A

-require oxygen to live
- poor solubles

140
Q

Facilitated anaerobes

A
  • can grow in the absence of oxygen
  • can use oxygen if prensent
    with oxygen effiecncy is decreased
141
Q

anaerobes

A
  • cant used molecular oxygen for energy reaction
142
Q

Endospores

A
  • Resting cells when nutrients is depleted
  • resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals and radiation
  • sporulation: formation of endospores
  • germination: endospores return to a vegetative state
143
Q

Culture medium

A
  • material prepared in a lab for the growth of microorganism growth

BIO 2440 (5 decks)

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