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BIO 2440 > Applications of immunology > Flashcards

Applications of immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Vaccines vs. Variolation

A
  • Vaccines:
    suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity
    most desirable way of disease control
    Variolations:
    inoculation of smallpox into the skin
    early vaccinatons (1796)
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2
Q

Principles of vaccinations

A
  • provokes immune response
  • produce a rapid, intense secondary response
  • herd immunity
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3
Q

Types of vaccines

A
  • Live attenuated
  • Inactivated killed
  • Subunit
  • Toxiod
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4
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A
  • 1 or 2 dose for LIFELONG immunity
  • contains live weakened microorganisms w/ reduced virulence
  • cell cultured, embryonated egg, live animal
  • mimics actual infection
  • no boosters needed
  • replicated in the body
    -RISK
    - might mutate to be pathogenic
    - weakened/ immunocompromised people can get infection
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5
Q

Inactivated killed vaccine

A
  • whole microbe thats been killed
  • grown in a lab
  • pathogen cant replicate
  • requires repeated dosage or boosters
  • humoral antibody immunity
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6
Q

Subunit vaccine

A
  • consist of antigenic fragments
  • genetically modified
  • recombination vaccine
    • Hepatitis b vaccine is made from modified yeast
    • reduces the need for viral host cells to grow viruses for vaccines
  • Virus-like particle vaccines
    - resembles intact viruses but without the genetic information
  • Conjugates vaccines
    - used in to treat disease in young children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides
  • Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccine
    -injected naked DNA produce protein antigens
    - Protein antigens are carried to the red bone marrow to stimulate humoral and cellular immunity
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7
Q

Toxoids

A
  • inactivated toxins
  • targets harmful substances made by bacteria
    - ex. tetanus toxiod, diptheria toxoid
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8
Q

Adjuvants

A
  • Chemicals used to improve vaccines usefulness
  • improve innate immunity
  • Only Alum and Lipid A are approved in the US
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9
Q

Sensitivity vs specificity

A

Sensitivity: is a test that reactive if the specimen is a true positive
Specificity: is a test that will not reactive if the specimen is a true negative

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10
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Hybridoma (mabs)
    • infused antibody-producing B cells w/ a cancer cell
      - allows the growth of identical antibody molecules (B cells)
      - Immortal
      - highly specific
      - Used in human therapy and diagonistic tools
      • made often from mouse cells
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11
Q

Types of monoclonal antibodies

A
  • Murine monoclonal
    - made form mouse (-omab)
  • Chimeric
    - mouse and human (-ximab
  • Humanized
    - mostly human but with some mouse antigens- binding sites (-zumab)
  • Fully human
    - made from human genes in a mouse (-umab)
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12
Q

Agglutination

A
  • Clumping of cells
  • measures concentration of serum antibody (titer)
    Indirect passive agglutination
    - antibodies react with soluble antigen adhering to particles or vice versa
    Direct agglutination
    - detects antibodies against large cellular antigens
    - more antibodies @ start = more dilutions needed
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13
Q

Neutralization reaction

A
  • Antigen- antibody reaction with harmful effects of an exotoxin or virus
  • Viral hemagglutination inhibition test is used to subtype viruses
  • antitoxins combined with exotoxins cause neutralization
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14
Q

Completment - fixation reactions

A
  • used to detect very small amounts of antibodies
  • ## a group of serum protein
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15
Q

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELIZA)

A

Direct
-1 antibody is used
- detects antigens
- adding substrate for linked enzymes and a color is produced
- Used for drug test

Indirect
- 2 antibodies are used
- detects antibodies
- used for

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16
Q

Selective toxicity

A

selectively finding and destroying pathogens w/o damaging the host

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17
Q

Superinfetion

A

overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resitant to antibiotics

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18
Q

Tetracycline

A

Largest broad spectrum antibody

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19
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis

A
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Bacitracin
  • Vancomycin
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20
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit protein sythesis

A
  • Without proteins microbes can grow
  • Chloramphenicol
  • Erythromycin
    -tetracyline
  • Streptomycin
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21
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid replication and transcription

A
  • Quinolones
  • Rifampin
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22
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that injure the plasma membrane

A
  • Polymyxin B
  • usually a topical treatment
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23
Q

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibits metabolite synthesis

A
  • Sulfanilamide
  • Trimethoprim
  • interferes with critical pathways
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24
Q

Penicillin

A
  • inhibits the cell wall by preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan
  • contains B-lactam rings
    Natural
    • Penicillin G: injected
      - Penicillin V: oral
      - Narrow spectrum

Semisynthetic Penicillins
- Contain chemically added side chains to make it resistant to penicillinases

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25
Q

Inhibiting protein synthesis

A
  • Targets 70s bacterial ribosomes
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26
Q

Chloramphenicol
Inhibits protein synthesis

A
  • inhibits peptide bond formation
    - cant make protein
    Synthesized chemically
  • Broad spectrum
  • suppress bone marrow and affect blood cell formation
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27
Q

Aminoglycoside
Inhibits protein synthesis

A
  • causes misshaping of proteins
    - shapes of 30S and 70S
  • Causes audiotory damage
  • Secondary infections
    • Streptomycin
    • Neomycin
    • Gentamicin
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28
Q

Tetracyclines
Inhibits protein synthesis

A
  • Interferes with tRNA attachments
  • Broad spectrum
  • can suppress normal intestinal microbiota
29
Q

Macrolides
Inhibits protein synthesis

A

-Plugs the exit tunnel of growing peptides
- Narrow spectrum

30
Q

Injury of plasma membrane

A
  • Lipoproteins
    • Polymyxin
      • Topical, bactericidal
      • effective against gram neg.
        - Daptomycin
        • used for skin infections
        • attacks bacterial cell membrane
          -Polypeptide antibiotics change plasma membrane permeability
31
Q

Inhibit nucleic acid synthsis

A
  • Interferes with DNA replication and transcription
    -Rifamycin
    • inhibits mRNA synthesis
    • penetrates tissue
      Quinolone and Fluoroquinolones
    • Nalidixic acid
      • synthetic
      • inhibits DNA gyrase
        - Norfloxacin
        • Broad spectrum non-toxic
32
Q

Inhibits essential metabolites

A
  • Stops synthesis of folic acid
    - Needed for synthesizing nucleic acids and proteins
    -competetitvly binds with the enzyme for para-aminobenzoic
    • para-aminobenzoic (PABA) produces folic acid
33
Q

Antifungal drugs

A
  • interurrps the synthesis of ergosterol
    - makes the membrane excessively permeable
  • Polynese
    • Amphoterincin: toxic to the kidneys
      Azoles
    • Imidazoles: treats cutaneous mycoses
    • Triazole: treats systemic fungal infections
      Allylamines
    • azole- resistant infections
34
Q

Echinocandins

A

-antifungal drug that inhibits cells wallF

35
Q

Flucytosine

A
  • antifungal drug that interferes with RNA synthesis
36
Q

Antivirals for treating HIV/AIDS

A

-Nucleoside analog (zidovudine)
-Nucleotide analog (tenofovir)
- Non-nucleoside inhibitors (nevirapine)
- Protease inhibitiors (atazanavir)
- Intergrase inhibitors (raltegravir)
- Entry inhibitors (miracviroc)
- Fusion inhibitors (enfuvirtide)

37
Q

Resistance to antimicrobial drugs

A

-Persister cells
- microbes with genetic characteristics allowing them to survive when exposed to antibiotics

  • Superbugs
    - bacteria that are resistant to a large number of antibiotic
38
Q

Resistant genes

A
  • Spread horizonataly among bacteria on plasmids or transposones
    • via conjunction or transduction
39
Q

Mechanisms of Resistance

A
  • Prevention of penetration to the target site within the microbe
  • enyzmatic destruction or inactivation of drug
  • Rapid efflux or antibiotic
  • Alteration of drugs target site
40
Q

Hypersensitivity

A
  • Antigenic response beyond normal
  • Sensitivized by pervious exposure
41
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity ( Anaphyactic)

A
  • occurs minutes after a person is reexsposed to that antigen
  • IgE antibodies
    - Exposed to mast cells and basophils
    - Histamines: increase blood capillaries permability
    - Leukocytes: cause prolonged contraction of smooth muscle
    - Prostaglandins: increases muscle secretion and affects smooth muscle
42
Q

Type 1 Hypersensitivity ( Anaphyactic) PT.2

A
  • Systemic anaphylactic shock
    - sensitized by antigen then reexposed
    - may result in death or circulatory collapse
    • Treated with EPINEPHRINE
      • blood vessels dialate

Localized anaphylaxis
- Ingestion or inhalation of antigen
- Hives, hay fever, asthma
- Treated with antihistamines

43
Q

Type 2 Hypersensitivity II (Cytotoxins)

A
  • IgG and IgA
  • ABO blood group system
  • Cellular damage can occurs in 5-8 hours by macrophage and other antibodies
  • Transfusion reactions
  • A antigens, B antigens or both
  • Type O has no. antigens
44
Q

Blood types

Cytotoxic reaction

A
  • AB is universal acceptor
  • O is universal donor
  • Type A is anti B
  • Type B is anti A
  • Type O is anti A & B
45
Q

Rh blood group

Cytotoxic reaction

A
  • Rh factor antigens are found on RBC s of 85% of the population
  • Rh+ blood given to an Rh recipient will stimulate anti Rh antibodies
  • Hemolytic disease of newborns
    • Rh- mother with Rh+ fetus will cause the mother to produce anti Rh antibodies
      - Damages fetus RBCs
46
Q

Drug induced cytotoxic reaction

A
  • Thrombocytopenic purpura
    - Platelets + Drugs= antigenic complex
    - Antibodies + Complement = destroyed platelets
    -Agranulocytosis
    - Drug- induces immune destruction of granulocytes
  • Hymolytic anemia
    - Drug-induces immune destruction of RBCs
47
Q

Type III (immune complex) reaction

A
  • antibodies form against soluble antigens in the serum
  • on the cell or tissue surface
  • immune complex
    • IgG
    • removed rapidly by phagocytosis
    • Activates complement and cause inflammation
    • Glomerulonephritis
      - inflammatory damage to the kidney due to immune complexes as a result of infection
  • Attacks the body
  • lupus
48
Q

Type IV (delayed cell- mediated) reaction

A
  • Caused by T cells
  • Reexposure to antigens cause memory cells to release destructive cytokines
  • Delayed because it takes time for Tcells and macrophages to migrate near foreign antigens
  • ex: transplant rejection
  • Foreign antigens bind to tissues cells and are phagocytied by macrophages
  • Skin Test
    • Posion ivy, latex ect.
  • response mediated by cells
    interluken cells
49
Q

Autoimmune Diseases

A
  • Lose of self-tolerance
    • the abitlity to distingish between self and non-self
  • immune system response to self antigens causing damage to organs
  • Cytoyoxic
  • Immune complex
  • Cell mediated
50
Q

Cytotoxic

autoimmune

A
  • antibodies react with cell surface antigens
  • Multiple Sclerosis
    • Neruo disease
    • T cells and macrophages attack the myelin sheath of nerve cells
      - causes: compromises nerve impulses and lead to scarring
  • Graves disease
    - Thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of hormones
    - Usually the production of hormones are from the brain
    - Causes: Budged eyes, sweating, trembling
  • Myasthenia Gravis
    - Antibodies coat acetylcholines receptors
    - Causes: muscles fail to receive nerve signals
    - Result in: collapse lung b/c the muscle tissue cant receive signals
51
Q

Immune complex

autoimmune

A
  • Systemic lups
    • immune complexes form in kidney glomeruli
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
    • Immune complexes formed in the joints
      - IgG and IgM and complexes are depositied in the joints
    • severe damage to the cartilage and bones of joints
52
Q

Cell mediated

Autoimmune

A
  • T cells attack tissues
  • Insulin dependent diabetes
    • T cells attack insulin secreting cells
      -Psoriasis and Psoriasis arththritis
    • Disease of the skin
      - treated with immunesuppressants that target T cells
53
Q

Reactions related to human leukocyte antigen complex

A
  • Histocompatibility antigens
    - self antigens on cell surfaces
  • Major histocompatibility antigens (MHC)
    - Genes encoding histocompatibility
  • Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
    - major histocompatibility antigens in human
    - some are related to specific diseases
54
Q

Reactions to Transplants

A
  • transplant may attack Tcells, macrophages and complement-fixing antibodies
  • Privileged sites and tissues
    • SITES
      • areas of the body that dont elicit immune response
    • TISSUE
      • area of the body or tissue that dont elicit immune response
        EX of site and tissue: heart valve and cornea transplants
55
Q

Stem cells

A
  • master cells that can generate many different cell types
  • Embryonic stem cells
    • from blastocysts
      - used to regenerate tissue and organs
      - Pluripotent can regenerate all types of cells
  • Adult stem cells
    - adult tissues that have differentiated
56
Q

Bone marrow transplants

A
  • For those who lack Tcells and B cells which are vital for immunity
    • Increases RBCs in recipient
57
Q

Grafts

A
  • transfer of tissue from one body part to another
    • for burn victims or plastic surgery ect.
  • Auto graph: one’s own tissue
  • Isograft: identical twin
  • Allograft: from another person
  • Xenotransplant: from nonhuman tissue
  • Graft vs host
    • bone marrow contains immunocompetent cells
58
Q

Cancer Cells

A
  • removed by immune surveillance
  • cancer cells have tumor assoicated antigens that are marked as nonself
  • Limitations
    • non antigenic epitotes to target
    • tumor cells reproduce rapidly
    • tumor become invisible to the immune system
      • latent metastasis
  • Cells become cancerous after undergoing transformation w/o control
59
Q

Immunotherapy for cancer

A
  • Endotoxins from bacteria to stimulate TNF to interdere with the blood supply of cancers
  • Vaccines
    • Feline lekemia, cervical cancer, and liver cancer
  • Monoclonal antibodies
    • breast cancer: herciptin
    • immunotoxins targets and kills tumors w/o damaging host cells
60
Q

Immunodeficiencies

A
  • Absence of sufficient immune response
  • Congenital immunodeficiencies
    • defective or missing gene
      Aquired immunotherapy
    • developed during someones life
      - from drugs, cancers or infections
61
Q

(AIDS) Acquired Immunodeficiency disease

A
  • virus destroys CD4+ cells
    • allows cancer & bacterias, virus , fungi protazoan to cause HIV infection
  • orignated in the Congo
  • Genus: Lentivirus
  • Retrovirus
    • reverse transcription enzymes
    • phospholipid envelope
      - gp12 glycoprotien spike
    • 2 identical RNA strands
62
Q

Pathogenicity of HIV

A
  • Virus fuses and enter the cell via receptor mediated endocyotsis
  • spreads by dendritic cell and macrophages the contact w/ lymphoid organs cause the activation of T-helper cells
  • once virus is inside the cell RNA is transcribed into DNA w/ reverse transcription
  • virus undergoes rapid antigenic changes at a high rate of mutation
63
Q

Subtypes of HIV

A
  • HIV-1
    - Related to infecting chimpanzees and gorillas
    - Group M 90%
  • HIV-2
    - Related to infecting monkeys and sooty mangabeys
    - less pathogenic than HIV-1
64
Q

Stages of HIV

A
  • Phase 1
    • asymptomatic or lymphadenopthaty
  • Phase 2
    • CD4+ T cell decline steadily
      - only a few symptoms
  • Phase 3
    - AIDS develops
    - CD4+ count is below 200 cells
65
Q

Resistance to HIV infection

A
  • strong and effective immune response initially’
  • Once HIV is in the latently infected CD4+ T cells the infection is impossible to clear
66
Q

HIV Transmission

A
  • Survies 6hr outside of cell
  • can survive 1.5 day inside a cell
  • sex, breast milk, needles, organ transplants ad blood transfusion
67
Q

Preventing and treating AIDS

A
  • Use of condoms
  • limited sexual partners
  • uses sterile needles
  • medication
  • fusion and cell entry inhibitors
  • reverse transcription inhibitors
    • nucleoside
      • Tenofovir and emtricitabrine
  • Antiretroviral thearpy
    • minimizes survival of resistant strains
      -Intergrase inhibitors
    • Intergrase inhibitor
      • prevents the production of genetic information getting into the host cells
68
Q

drugs that inhibit the life cycle of HIV

A
  • Fusion and entry inhibitors
    - Enfuvirirde
    - Maraviroc
    Reverse Transcription
    - Tenofovir
    - Emtricitabine
  • Integrase inhibiots
    - Raltgravir

BIO 2440 (5 decks)

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