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micro lecture exam 3 > Viruses packet > Flashcards

Viruses packet Flashcards

1
Q

what kingdom and domain are viruses apart of?

A

none

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2
Q

what’s an obligate intracellular parasite?

A

requires host cell to reproduce inside of cell

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3
Q

what would make someone say that a virus is nonliving?

A 
lacks cell membrane
lacks cytoplasm
lacks enzymes
lacks ATP
contains DNA or RNA (never both)
can reproduce, but not on its own
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4
Q

what are the types of nucleic acid in a virus?

A

DNA viruses -single and double stranded

RNA viruses -single and double stranded

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5
Q

what measurement are viruses measured at?

A

nanometers

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6
Q

are viruses strain specific?

A

yes; phage typing

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7
Q

what are the different shapes of viruses?

A 
helical/filamentous 
polyhedral 
cuboidal
round
complex
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8
Q

what is a colony of virus?

A

plaque; composed of billions of viruses originating from 1 parent virus

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9
Q

what does the capsid contain?

A

protein shell

capsomeres

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10
Q

what is the envelope composed of? What does it do?

A

optional, phospholipid bilyer, protects viruses from immune system

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11
Q

what are spikes used for?

A

adherence

optional

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12
Q

what would make someone say that a virus is living?

A 
can reproduce (not by itself)
contains C, H, O, N (four basic elements)
has macromolecules (proteins and lipids)
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13
Q

what are the effects of the environment on viruses?

A

extreme pH and temp

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14
Q

what can Hepatitis B capable of doing?

A

withstanding boiling heat for 10 minutes

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15
Q

what are chick embryos used for?

A

vaccines and to grow large number of viruses

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16
Q

what are the different types of neurotrophic viruses?

A

rabies, polio, herpes virus

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17
Q

what are the different types of dermatotrophic viruses?

A

herpes virus, chicken pox, measles

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18
Q

what are the different types of viscerotrophic viruses?

A

hepatitis

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19
Q

what are the different types of pneumotrophic viruses?

A

rhinovirus, influenza virus

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20
Q

what are the cell lines pathway?

A

digestive enzymes out of kidney–separates cells–> petri dish with nutrient broth–7 days–> cell lines appear, add virus in petri dish –7 days–> plaque forms in petri dish with kidney cells

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21
Q

list plaque assay method

A

E. coli B———>
T4 phage ——> PETRI DISH
melted agar —>

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22
Q

what is a provirus?

A

viral DNA that’s incorporated into the host chromosome and never leaves

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23
Q

What happens when a provirus remains latent?

A

No effect

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24
Q

What happens when a provirus becomes active?

A

Goes into lytic (burst) cycle

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25
Q

What is scrapie?

A

Prion disease- neurological disease of sheep

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26
Q

What is kuru?

A

Prion disease- cannibals, mostly in women

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27
Q

What is mad cow disease?

A

Prion disease- incubation is 20 years; no cure

28
Q

How do humans get mad cow disease?

A

The dead sheep that die from Scrapie are fed to cows, humans eat the cows

29
Q

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD) disease?

A

Prion disease- genetic disease in older people (60-70yrs); makes same prion in mad cow disease

30
Q

What are the symptoms of prion diseases (sporongiform encephalopathies)?

A

Long incubation time
CNS damage
No immune response
Brain tissue looks like a sponge

31
Q

What is the species to species barrier of the prion diseases?

A

None. It can go from one species to the next, nonstop.

32
Q

What are prions?

A

Proteinaceous infectious particle

33
Q

What are prions resistant to?

A

Heat, most disinfectants, UV light

34
Q

How do prions act as infectious agents?

A

PrP* contacts normal PrP and alters and converts normal PrP into PrP*

35
Q

What is the result of prions actin as infectious agents?

A

PrP* accumulates in brain tissue and forms plaque (spongy)

36
Q

What disease is caused by prion acting as infectious agents?

A

Spongiform encephalopathy (large vacuoles in brain)

37
Q

what happens when a provirus remains latent?

A

no effect

38
Q

what happens when a provirus becomes active?

A

goes into lytic (burst) cycle

39
Q

what happens to a latent infection over time?

A

becomes an active infection (lytic cycle)

can be spontaneous and induced

40
Q

what does a provirus convert?

A

a normal host cell into a tumor cell

41
Q

what does a provirus do?

A

introduce new viral oncogenes to host chromosome

42
Q

what is contact inhibition?

A

cells stop dividing when they contact other cells

43
Q

what is a characteristic of tumor cells?

A

loss of contact inhibition (cancer cells don’t stop dividing when they have contact with other cells)

44
Q

what is a prion?

A

proteinaceous infectious particle

45
Q

what is scrapie?

A

a prion disease; a neurological disease of sheep

46
Q

what are prions resistant to?

A

heat, most disinfectants, and UV light

47
Q

what happens to lethal PrP* when it contacts normal PrP?

A

converts normal PrP into lethal PrP* (one is changed, it changes the bunch)

48
Q

what is the result of prions acting as infectious agents?

A

lethal PrP* accumulates in brain tissue and forms plaque (spongy lookin)

49
Q

what is spongiform encephalopathy? and what causes it?

A

large vacuoles develope in brain, leads to death ; prions acting as infectious agents

50
Q

do lethal PrP* undergo reproduction? how do they change normal PrP?

A

changes normal PrP by conversion, doesn’t undergo reproduction

51
Q

what is Kuru?

A

cannibals; mostly in women

52
Q

how does a person get Mad Cow disease?

A

the sheep from Scrapie is fed to the cows, human eat cows; takes 20 years to incubate; no cure

53
Q

what is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

A

genetic disease in older people (60-70), makes same prions as mad cow disease

54
Q

what are the symptoms/pathology of spongiform encephalopathy?

A

long incubation time, CNS damage, no immune response, brain looks like a sponge

55
Q

what is the species to species barrier of spongiform encephalopathies?

A

can go from one species to another, doesn’t stop.

56
Q

what happens in the lytic cycle?

A

burst and death of host cell, release of mature phages

57
Q

how many phases does the Lytic Cycle have?

A

5

58
Q

what is the burst time for the lytic cycle?

A

T4 phage- 60 minutes

59
Q

what is the burst size for the lytic cycle?

A

200 phages

60
Q

what happens in the lysogenic cycle?

A

host cell survives

61
Q

how many phases does the lysogenic cycle have? What are they?

A

2; Attachment phase and Penetration phase

62
Q

what happens to the prophase in the lysogenic cycle?

A

remains latent inserted into host chromosome

63
Q

what is the temperate phage?

A

phage that produces prophage in the lysogenic cycle

64
Q

what is the lysogenic cell?

A

host cell that has a prophage within its chromosome

65
Q

what is lysogenic conversion?

A

host cell acquires new characteristics due to a prophage (new genes)

micro lecture exam 3 (5 decks)

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