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Bio 111 > Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi > Flashcards

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are viruses?

A

Non-cellular particle made up of genetic material (DNA and RNA), and proteins.

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2
Q

What are viruses measured in?

A

Nanometers

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3
Q

What are examples of common viruses?

A

Cold, measles, smallpox, Ebola, AIDS, mono, influenza, warts

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4
Q

What are shapes a virus can come in?

A

Helical, polyhedral, complex

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5
Q

What’s another name for the virus head?

A

Capsid

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6
Q

Where is genetic information kept?

A

The capsid

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7
Q

Where can viruses reproduce?

A

Inside a host

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8
Q

Are viruses specific to which species they attack?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A
  1. Virus attaches itself to host cell
  2. Host is injected with DNA or RNA
  3. The host cell makes copies of viral genetic material
  4. The new DNA or RNA is packaged into viral particles
  5. The host cell lyses and releases new viral particles to attack more cells
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10
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

Some viruses have the ability to lay dormant.

  1. The virus attaches itself to a host
  2. Host is infected
  3. Viral DNA is incorporated into host DNA forming a prophage.
  4. The viral DNA is replicated during cell division of the host cell, but the viral gene remains dormant.
  5. When immune system is suppressed, viral DNA becomes active and enters the lytic cycle
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11
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular, most have a single circular chromosome. They contain ribosomes, can reproduce sexually or asexually. Some are autotrophs, some are heterotrophs

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12
Q

What are bacteria cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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13
Q

How do bacteria attach to one another or a host?

A

With a sticky coating called the capsule

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14
Q

What do the inside of bacteria cells have that make them unique?

A

A DNA ring called plasmids

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15
Q

How do bacteria move?

A

With a long tail called a flagellum. Not all bacteria have this.

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16
Q

What are the pilus?

A

Short hair-like proteins that help bacteria stick to surfaces. Used in sexual reproduction

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17
Q

What are bacteria shapes?

A

Bacillus (rod shaped), caccus (sphere shaped), spirillum (spiral shaped)

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18
Q

What may bacteria do after cell division?

A

Form pairs (prefix diplo), chains (prefix strepto), or colonies (prefix staphylo)

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19
Q

What do gram positive bacteria retain?

A

The stain crystal violet. They appear purple under a microscope

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20
Q

What happens to gram negative bacteria when they’re treated with alcohol?

A

They become colourless. They appear red or pink under a microscope

21
Q

What do gram negative cells have?

A

A lipo-protein layer

22
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually: Binary fission. DNA attaches itself to cell membrane. The membrane splits into two equal parts, each contains a copy of the DNA.

Sexually: Conjugation. Genetic information shared by cells joined by a pili. This allows for genetic variation

23
Q

In what ways are bacteria autotrophs?

A

Photoautotrophic (they use sunlight to make food) or chemotrophic (they use organic matter to make food)

24
Q

In what ways are bacteria heterotrophs?

A

Saprobes (feed on dead plants or animals), parasites (feed on a host) or mutualistic (live in the gut and aid digestion)

25
Q

What is an anaerobic bacteria?

A

A bacteria that dies in the presence of oxygen

26
Q

What is an obligate aerobic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that requires oxygen

27
Q

What is a facultative anaerobic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that doesn’t require and isn’t harmed by oxygen

28
Q

How do we classify fungi?

A

According to reproductive structure.

29
Q

What are the four types of fungi and their phylum’s?

A

Molds (Phylum Zygomycota)
Sac fungi (phylum ascomycota)
Club fungi (phylum basidiomycota)
Imperfect fungi (phylum deuteromycota)

30
Q

What are fungi?

A

Absorbive heterotrophs that have cell walls of chitin, reproduce sexually and/or asexually and are multicellular (except yeast)

31
Q

What are fungi made up of?

A

Hyphae filaments that are surrounded by a cell wall.

32
Q

What is a cross wall?

A

A wall that sometimes forms between the nuclei in the hyphae. If no cross walls form, the cytoplasm becomes multi-nucleate

33
Q

What is a collection of hyphae tangled together beneath the soil?

A

Mycelium

34
Q

What is the reproductive structure of a fungi?

A

The fruiting body

35
Q

Where do fungi typically grow?

A

Moist, dark, warm places

36
Q

What happens when hyphae break off from the original fungi?

A

They continue to grow on their own. Some reproduce thousands of spores that divide by mitosis and form a colony

37
Q

How does yeast reproduce?

A

By budding. A cell grows from the mother cell, then breaks off

38
Q

When do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

When conditions are bad

39
Q

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

A

They make new spores with the fusion of plus-minus mating types

40
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Creates two genetically identical cells through division of the nucleus?

41
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells with two sets of chromosomes (2N)

42
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Cells that have one set of chromosomes (N)

43
Q

What are molds?

A

Thread-like. They produce spores during asexual reproduction and a zygospore during sexual reproduction. Ex: bread mold

44
Q

What are sac fungus?

A

Produces ascospores in a structure called the ascus. Looks like a sac. Mainly multicellular, some unicellular (yeast). Some are pathogenic to plants.

45
Q

What are club fungus?

A

Produces spores in a structure that looks like a club. May be edible or poisonous. Sexual reproduction

46
Q

What are Imperfect Fungus?

A

Fungi don’t have a sexual life cycle

47
Q

How do fungi get food?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes to break down food, then absorb it

48
Q

What are the three classification of fungi?

A

Saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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