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Bio 111 > Plants And Animals > Flashcards

Plants And Animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What groups make up vascular plants?

A

Bryophytes and their relatives

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2
Q

What do vascular plants lack?

A

The ability to take water and nutrients up through the stem. Therefore their life cycle is dependent on water

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3
Q

How do bryophytes absorb water?

A

Osmosis

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4
Q

How do bryophytes reproduce?

A

The creation of sperm that swims to the eggs of other bryophytes

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5
Q

Where are bryophytes found?

A

Moist, shady areas. Mosses (world’s most common bryophyte) are adapted to life in wet habitats and nutrient poor soils.

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6
Q

What are mosses?

A

Clumps of gameophytes growing together

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7
Q

How do mosses reproduce?

A

Thin stalks, each containing a capsule. Rhizoids anchor mosses to the ground and absorb water and minerals from the soil

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8
Q

How do bryophytes develop?

A

By alteration of the generations?

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9
Q

What is the bryophytes dominant life cycle, and the stage that can perform photosynthesis?

A

Gameophytes

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10
Q

What are ferns?

A

Vascular seedless plants. They have roots, stems and leaves.

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11
Q

What plant do ferns make?

A

The sporophyte

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12
Q

What are fern leaves called?

A

Fronds

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13
Q

What are gymosperms and angiosperms?

A

Vascular seed plants. They don’t rely on water for reproduction

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14
Q

What spreads the pollen (sperm) of angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

Wind, insects and animals

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15
Q

What are gymnosperms?

A

Naked seed plants

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16
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants

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17
Q

What are the parts of a seed?

A

Seed coat (protection), food source (developing the embryo) and embryo (will grow into a new plant)

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18
Q

What are examples of gymnosperms?

A

Conifers (pine trees)

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19
Q

How do gymnosperms pollinate?

A

A male cone comes in contact with a female cone. A seed is then formed

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20
Q

What do angiosperms have?

A

An enclosed seed. Flowers are their reproductive organs and become the fruit of the plant and contain the seeds

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21
Q

Are angiosperms the dominant form of plant life?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What are the classifications of angiosperms?

A

Monocots and dicots

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23
Q

What are the characteristics of monocots?

A

Single cotyledon, parallel veins, petals in multiples of three, vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem, fibrous roots

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of dicots?

A

Two cotyledon, branched veins, petals in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, taproot

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of dicots?

A

Two cotyledon, branched veins, petals in multiples of 4 or 5, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, taproot

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26
Q

What are some advantages of being a flowering plant?

A

The colour and scent of flowers will attract pollinators to disperse pollen

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27
Q

What are flower seeds encased in?

A

An ovary

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28
Q

What are sepals?

A

Green leaf-like structures at the base of the flower, an enclosed case to protect the bud

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29
Q

What is the pistil?

A

The flowers female reproductive structure. Made up of the stigma (sticky patch where pollen lands), the style (a tube through which pollen travels) and the ovary (a structure which contains ovuls)

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30
Q

How does sperm access the egg?

A

The ovules have a hole called the microphyle, through which sperm travels to fertilize the egg

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31
Q

What does the egg become?

A

The seed, the remaining structures become the fruit

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32
Q

What’s the ratio of male to female structure?

A

4:1

33
Q

What is the male structure?

A

The stamen. Made up of the filament (stalk which produces the anther) and the anther (produces the pollen; haploid male gametophyte which produces sperm)

34
Q

How is flower reproduction different?

A

They undergo double fertilization

35
Q

How does double fertilization happen?

A

-Ovule and megaspore produce 8 haploid nuclei (3 at top, 3 at bottom, 2 in centre)
-The nucleus closest to the micropyle becomes the egg
-The two nuclei in the middle are called polar nuclei, they become the food source for the seed
-Pollen grains from the anther have a generative cell that produces a sperm nucleus and a tube cell nucleus to help push the cell through the style during fertilization
-When the pollen touches the stigma, it’s pushed through the style to the ovary
-The generative cells produce two sperm nuclei, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle and 2 sperm nuclei are released
-One sperm and the egg become the zygote (2N)
-Other sperm and the polar nuclei become the endospore (3N)
-The zygote becomes the embryo as it divides through mitosis. The endosperm gets absorbed by the embryo
-The intuements become the seed coat and the ovary develops in the fruit.

36
Q

What are animals?

A

Multicellular heterotrophs that are motile, invertebrates or vertebrates. They carry out feeding, respiration, circulation, exertion, response, movement and reproduction

37
Q

What do complex animals have?

A

Higher level of cell specialization, body organization, bilateral symmetry, front end with sense organs and a body cavity

38
Q

What is the phylum for sponges?

A

Porifera

39
Q

What do sponge cells lack?

A

Specific tissues

40
Q

Are sponges male or female?

A

No. They’re hermaphroditic

41
Q

How do sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually (budding) and sexually

42
Q

Do sponges have a defined shape?

A

No

43
Q

Are sponges symmetrical?

A

No

44
Q

Do sponges have internal organs or a nervous system?

A

No

45
Q

Are sponges sessile?

A

Only as adults

46
Q

What do sponges contain that make them animals?

A

Collegian

47
Q

How do sponges feed?

A

Filter feeding

48
Q

What are choanocytes?

A

Cells whose flagella pump water through the sponge and act as a heart

49
Q

What do sponges pores allow?

A

For water and sperm to enter the sponge

50
Q

How does water exit the sponge?

A

The osculum opening

51
Q

Why do sponges filter water?

A

To feed, release waste, obtain oxygen

52
Q

What do sponges feed on?

A

Bacteria

53
Q

How do sponges defend themselves?

A

Spicules; calcium carbonate needles

54
Q

What are the sponges predators?

A

Nudibraches (type of mollusk), Angel fish, sea turtles. Though sponges are rarely eaten and they’re good hiding spots for other marine prey animals

55
Q

What is the phylum for jellyfish, hydra, coral and sea anemones?

A

Cnidarians

56
Q

Do cnidarians have specialized tissues?

A

Yes; nerve net, muscles, digestive tissues

57
Q

What type of symmetry to Cnidarians have?

A

Radial symmetry

58
Q

What are the two tissue layers of the cnidarian?

A

Endoderm and ectoderm with a jelly-like substance called mesoglea between layers

59
Q

How do cnidarians capture food?

A

Stinging cells called nematocysts

60
Q

Are cnidarians sessile?

A

Hydra, coral and sea anemones: yes
Jellyfish: no

61
Q

What are the two cnidarian shapes?

A

Polyp (tentacles around the mouth, tube-like) and Medusa (dome shaped with tentacles hanging down)

62
Q

What are the phylum’s of worms?

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworm), nematoda (round worm) and annelida (segmented worms)

63
Q

What feature distinguishes worms?

A

The presence of a body cavity

Flatworms lack body cavity, round worms and annelids have a body cavity

64
Q

What do flat worms have?

A

Cephalization (head region), eye spot (light sensitivity), digestion (one hole digestion), sexual and asexual reproduction.
Most flat worms are parasites

65
Q

What do round worms have?

A

Organ and tissue systems, 3 germ layers and two hole digestion (mouth and anus). Many are parasites

66
Q

What’s the annelids’ class?

A

Oligochaeta

67
Q

What are annelids divided into?

A

Segments separated by internal walls called septa

68
Q

How do worms feed?

A

By sucking food in through the mouth by the pharynx. From there in moves into the esophagus. It’s stored in the crop, ground in the gizzard and absorbed by the intestine. Waste is passed out by the anus

69
Q

How do worms take in oxygen?

A

Through their skin

70
Q

What is the worms’ heart?

A

5 aortic arches

71
Q

What are the worms’ blood vessels called?

A

Dorsal (carries blood towards the head) and ventral (carries blood away towards the tail)

72
Q

How does blood loop through the worm?

A

Aortic arches to ventral vessel, which takes blood to the cells of the body, then blood gets returned to the arches through the dorsal vessel

73
Q

What are the two types of waste produced by annelids?

A

Digestive (passed through the anus) and cellular (excreted through the nephridia)

74
Q

What do annelids have?

A

A brain and ventral nerve cord?

75
Q

What are the two types of muscles annelids have?

A

Longitudinal (run the length of the body) and circular (around each segment)

76
Q

What is the purpose of annelids’ setae?

A

To help with traction

77
Q

Are annelids male or female?

A

No. They’re hermaphroditic

78
Q

How do annelids reproduce?

A

Sexually. They exchange sperm and fertilization occurs in a ring called the clitellum, which falls off and produces a cocoon that protects the egg

Bio 111 (6 decks)

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