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BDS1 BAMS: Microbiology > Viruses and Prions > Flashcards

Viruses and Prions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of nucleic acid do viruses have?

A

Either DNA or RNA (unlike bacteria which have both)

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2
Q

What does the term ‘metabolically inert’ mean?

A
  • Viruses cannot reproduce on their own
  • Need to hijack components of host in order to reproduce
  • They do not possess ribosomes/cannot perform protein synthesis
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3
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that infects bacteria

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4
Q

What size is a virus? (in nm)

A

1000-3000 nm

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5
Q

What is the virus protected by?

A
  • Envelope - lipid membrane (around some viruses)

- Capsid: protein shell

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6
Q

What are capsids composed of?

A

Capsomeres (protein units)

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7
Q

What are some of the modes of viral transmission?

A
  • Inhalation via respiratory tract
  • Ingestion via G.I. tract
  • Inoculation: skin abrasions mucous membranes, transfusions, transplants, injections, bites
  • Congenital: mother to foetus
  • Sexual transmission
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8
Q

Which organ system does rabies affect?

A

Nervous system

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9
Q

Which organ system does influenza affect?

A

Respiratory system

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10
Q

Which organ does herpes simplex affect?

A

Localised disease of the skin and and mucous membranes

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11
Q

Which organ does adenovirus affect?

A

Eye

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12
Q

Which organ does hepatitis affect?

A

Liver

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13
Q

Which organs do mumps affect?

A

Salivary glands

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14
Q

Which organ system does norovirus affect?

A

G.I. tract

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15
Q

How is HIV commonly transmitted?

A

Sexually transmitted

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16
Q

What does ‘cytopathic effect’ refer to in viral infections?

A
  • Structural changes in host cells that are caused by viral invasion
  • Can result in cell death
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17
Q

What does ‘transformation’ refer to?

A

Cell not killed, changed to cancerous cell

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18
Q

What does ‘latent infection’ mean?

A

Virus remains in cell, no obvious effect on cell function

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19
Q

What are the stages in viral replication?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthesis of viral components
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
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20
Q

How many people died from the flu in 1918?

A

40 million

21
Q

What are the 3 different types of influenza virus (RNA viruses)?

A

Type A
Type B
Type C

22
Q

What are the 2 key molecules on the surface of viruses that are often targeted by vaccines?

A

Haemagglutinin

Neuroaminidase

23
Q

What type of nucleic acid do influenza viruses contain?

A

RNA

24
Q

What is haemagglutinin?

A
  • Glycoprotein
  • Sialic acid binding
  • 14 H types
25
Q

How many types of haemagglutinin are there?

A

14

26
Q

What is neuraminidase?

A
  • Glycoprotein
  • Virion release
  • 9 N types
27
Q

How many types of neuraminidase are there?

A

9

28
Q

Which molecule present on the surface of the influenza virus enables virion release?

A

Neuraminidase

29
Q

Which molecule present on the surface of the influenza virus binds to silica acid?

A

Haemagglutinin

30
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A
  • Minor change
  • Point mutations
  • Results in epidemics
  • A, B and C drift
  • Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase change shape -> allow virus to change shape
31
Q

Why is antigenic drift less dangerous to the host compared to antigenic shift?

A

Fragments of the outside of the virus can still be recognised by the immune system in antigenic drift (only small changes); whereas in antigen shift, there is a dramatic change in the outside structure of the virus. Virus can evade immune system

32
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A
  • Results in a major change the the outside structure of the virus
  • Involves recombination
  • Results in pandemics
  • Only Type A are capable of antigenic shift
33
Q

Which type(s) of influenza virus are capable fo antigenic shift?

A

Type A only

34
Q

Which type(s) of influenza virus are capable fo antigenic shift?

A

Type A

35
Q

What type of specimens can be used to make a virological diagnosis?

A

Swabs, faeces, aspirates, plasma, CSF, vesicle fluids, urine

36
Q

What is PCR (polymerase chain reaction) used for?

A

To amplify target pieces of DNA for analysis

37
Q

Name 2 methods of serology

A

ELISA

Western Blotting

38
Q

Which antibody is released in the primary response?

A

IgM

39
Q

Which antibody is released in the adaptive response?

A

IgG

40
Q

What does BSE stand for?

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

41
Q

What are the ‘links’ in the chain of infection?

A
  1. Infectious agent
  2. Reservoir
  3. The portal of exit
  4. The mode of transmission
  5. The portal of entry
  6. The susceptible host
42
Q

What is a prion protein?

A

An infectious agent devoid of nucleic acid

43
Q

What are the 3 classes of prion disease?

A
  1. Infectious
  2. Genetic
  3. Sporadic
44
Q

How do prion proteins cause disease?

A
  • Accumulation of abnormal form of a natural protein

- Conformational changes associated with specific diseases

45
Q

What is Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease (CjD)?

A
  • Brain disease
  • Caused by accumulation of abnormal protein (prion) aggregates in the brain
  • No cure
46
Q

Which structural abnormality is common in infectious prions?

A

Structure tends to contain lots of beta pleated sheets (normal prion forms contain more alpha chains)

47
Q

Which unusual property of prions make them difficult to kill?

A

Resistant to thermal inactivation

48
Q

What was BSE in human populations linked to?

A

Consumption of contaminated bovine products

49
Q

What does ‘iatrogenic transmission’ refer to?

A

Spread of a pathogen through a medical procedure of treatment e.g. contaminated instruments, not sterilising instruments between patients

BDS1 BAMS: Microbiology (6 decks)

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