Viruses and Prions Flashcards

Question

What is a cell culture diagnosis ?

Answer 1

- living cells - Ex.) chick embryos

Answer 2

detecting antigen and antibodies

Answer 3

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 4

live or dead viruses

Answer 5

- upper respiratory: swabs, nasal, throat - lower respiratory: endo trach aspirations, lung and bronchial biopsies - eye swabs - stool/rectal swabs - body fluids (bone marrow, serum, blood saliva)

Answer 6

- isolation and direct detection must be collected within the first few days of onset of illness - specimen should not be held at ambient temp (delivered to lab on ice and store at 4-8 C for not more then 1-3 days before excessive loss of infectivity) - freezing at -70C or below will preserve indefinitely - refrigerator freezer back and forth will cause loss of infectivity rapidly because of temp recycling

Answer 7

- helical wavy type virus - RNA virus - very fatal - transmitted through bodily fluids - 25-90% fatality depending on the strain (not all are as deadly as others) - symptoms in the early stage are like many viruses and then it gets worse - don't have Ebola in the USA because its not as easily passed on from person to person (more body fluid spread)

Answer 8

- HA - muscle pain - sore throat - fever - fatigue

Answer 9

- bleeding from eyes, nose and mouth - impaired liver and kidney - D &V - rash - internal and external bleeding

Answer 10

- stop contact with infected animals and the consumption of their meat - isolate the sick - prompt disposal of victims' bodies - disinfect homes of dead and infected - protective clothing for healthcare workers

Answer 11

- activate B cells that produce antibodies - activate Killer T cells that destroy infected cells

Answer 12

it affects the immune system - without Helper T cells functioning properly, you can't fight off pathogens that can make you sick - people with AIDS die of 2ndary infections because their immune system can't fight the infection (don't die from AIDs itself)

Answer 13

bats - earlier case is where a child was playing in a cave with bats

Answer 14

- you lay your hands on the dead body - with unprotected healthcare workers they don't know they are interacting with an Ebola pt because its in the early stages

Answer 15

- In a monkey facility they were dying and people didn't know why - people were flying in to try to figure out what was going on and then leaving back onto the planes and flying back to where they came from - it was found to be a form of Ebola - they were lucky because this strain only killed monkeys and not humans - human could pick it up but won't die from it

Answer 16

severe acute respiratory syndrome - caused by SARS coronavirus - outbreak in China - no cases since 2004 - we able to stop it quickly because they isolated people quickly - not as infectious as COVID

Answer 17

- flu like (fever, lethargy, myalgia (muscle tenderness), cough) - fever above 100.4F was only symptoms all pt's had in common - chest x-rays show atypical pneumonia

Answer 18

contagious respiratory disease that was first detected in China in December 2019 - the 2019 new coronavirus is called SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes is coronavirus 2019 which is COVID-19

Answer 19

- it's easily transmissible and can spread quickly from person to person - carried on respiratory droplets and can land on surfaces or in someone's mouth/nose - 6 feet is the distance it keep for droplets (the distance it can travel) - need good hand hygiene

Answer 20

- Pfizer/Moderna are mRNA vaccines - JJ is a viral vector

Answer 21

use mRNA to deliver instructions to our body's cells - that teach it to produce the spike protein found on the surface of the COVID virus and then the mRNA goes away and now the proteins in your body know how COVID looks like and can fight it off

Answer 22

uses a virus (vector) to deliver instructions to our body's cells - uses genetic material from the COVID virus and inserts that into the weakened virus and then your cells make the protein or antigens that will be recognized by your immune system which can then recognize COVID

Answer 23

- Pfizer: 16 and older - Moderna: 18 and older - JJ: 18 and older

Answer 24

- Pfizer: 2 doses taken 21 days or 3 weeks apart - Moderna: 2 doses taken 28 days or 4 weeks apart - JJ: 1 dose

Answer 25

- Pfizer/Moderna: 2 weeks after second dose - JJ: 2 weeks after initial dose

Answer 26

an infectious protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally - doesn't have genetic material - not a virus

Answer 27

has genetic material and a protein

Answer 28

these infectious proteins when they develop will touch others and change those proteins into another infectious protein - kind of like in the Walking Dead in how Zombies will bite someone and turn them into a zombie - these infectious proteins won't act as they usually do

Answer 29

both humans and animals are affected - sometimes spread to humans by infected meat products

Answer 30

a chronic degenerative disease affecting the CNS of cattle that causes the brain and nerve cells to die - commonly called "mad cow disease" - cooking the meat doesn't kill the prions - Britain was the worst out of them all - USA only had 22 cases - banning feeding cattle nervous tissue and bones fixed the problem

Answer 31

prions are always fatal and there is no cure - you will die

Answer 32

when animals were slaughtered, the bones and nervous tissue that were left over were ground up and was put into cattle feed to be fed back to cows - you could have started with 1 infected cow and then you ground the leftovers and feed it to hundreds other cows and the infected numbers grow

Answer 33

impacts brain tissue of deer - people would track deer in one part of the country and them trap them and enclose them in another part of the country where it wasn't introduced yet - then it infects the wildlife and other deer

Answer 34

- Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) - Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (vCJD) - Gertmann Straussler Scheinker Syndrome - Fatal Familial Insomnia - Kuru

Answer 35

a disease caused by abnormal proteins that are not killed by standard methods for sterilizing surgical equipment - as the brain slowly shrinks and the tissue fills with holes until it resembles a sponge

Answer 36

those affected lose the ability to think and move properly and suffer from memory loss - is always fatal, usually within 1 yr of onset of illness

Answer 37

cause is unknown - affects mainly over 50s - S&S: dementia, spongiform changes, rarely plaques, short course, ataxia (loss of control of body movements)

Answer 38

caused by inherited mutation in the PrP gene - younger age of onset than sCJD, longer course - similar to sCJD,

Answer 39

caused by contamination during brain surgery, corneal transplant, dura mater grafts - age dependent on the exposure source - clinical and pathologic symptoms indistinguishable from sCJD ?

Answer 40

caused by exposure to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) - younger age of onset, longer duration of symptoms - distinctive daisy plaques seen. psychiatric signs present

Answer 41

a prion that was identified through research done by Robert and Louise Glasse in the 1950's in New Guinea - mostly women and children were affect; few adult males - 1% of Fore tribe was afflicted - evidence led the Glasses to suggest that endocannibalism was associated with disease - the hypothesis was not well accepted among medical community

Answer 42

- HA - joint pain - then 6-12 weeks later - difficulty walking then death usually within 12 months, always within 2 years

Answer 43

death usually within 12 months - always within 2 yrs

Answer 44

in the Fore tribe as a part of the funeral services they would eat their loved ones after they died - women and children tended to get the nervous tissue and adult men mostly didn't eat the nervous tissue

Answer 45

only made up of genetic material (SS RNA) - no protein coat - only a little larger then prions - mainly in plants - spread through contact between plants