Immunology Flashcards
What is passive immunity in artifically acquired immunity ?
antibodies artificially produced outside directly injected to the body
- no contact with pathogen
What is the 1st line of defense against infection ?
external defense
- skin, mucus, nasal hair, cilia
What is innate/born/non-specific defense mechanism broken into?
- external defense (1st line of defense)
- internal defense ( 2nd line of defense)
What is acquired/adaptive/specific defence mechanisms broken into ?
- active immunity
- passive immunity
What is innate immunity ?
- 1st defense to respond
- not affected by prior contact with the infectious agent or other material involved
- operates constantly to prevent establishment of infection
What does lysozyme do ?
breaks down bacterial cell walls
What do beta-lysine (platelets) do ?
lyses of gram (+) bacteria
What are the functions of Neutrophils ?
- phagocytic
- first at inflammatory site
- ingest and destroy invaders
What are functions of Eosinophiles ?
- less phagocytic
- thought to play a role in parasitic infections
- destroy invaders, particularly antibody-coated parasites
What are functions of Basophils ?
non-phagocytic
- release substances in certain allergic responses
What are functions of Mast cells ?
work with basophiles in releasing histamine in allergic responses
What are the functions of Dendritic cells ?
present antigen to T and B cells
- recognize pathogens and activate other immune cells by antigen presentation
Which cells is primarily responsible for adaptive immune response ?
lymphocytes
What is the function of B lymphocytes ?
develop and mature in the bone marrow
What is high herd immunity ?
when the majority of the population is immune to an infectious agent and it is difficult for the pathogen to spread throughout the population,
- more people are immune
What is low herd immunity ?
when it’s easy for the pathogen to spread throughout the population
- more of the population is non-immune
What are the vaccine design considerations ?
- vaccine should be safe/should not induce disease
- vaccine should induce an appropriate type of immune response
- vaccine should induce generation of memory cells so that immunity will be long-lasting
- vaccine should protect against different strains or subtypes of the pathogen
- vaccine should be inexpensive and stable
What are some disadvantages of live, attenuated vaccines ?
- cannot be given to immune suppressed individuals
- must be grown in tissue cultures
- may induce severe side effects in some individuals
- may revert to wild-type
What are some advantages of live, attenuated vaccines ?
- can infect host cells and induce cell-mediated immunity as well as humoral immunity
- grow within the host so immune response requires fewer immunizations and the resulting response may be longer lasting
- vaccinated individuals can infect other individuals and thus spread immunity within the population
What is artificial immunity ?
active by administration of vaccine
What are autoimmune disease ?
when our immune system cannot tell the difference between the foreign invaders and your body’s health tissues
- can cause inflammation, pain and damage in various parts of the body
What are live vaccines ?
pathogenic viruses or bacteria that are still able to replicate in the recipient but unable to cause disease
What are killed vaccines ?
infectious agent unable to replicate in the host
- whole organisms that have been treated with heat or chemicals to inactive them
or specific components or extracts of pathogens
What are the advantages of killed vaccines ?
- will not harm immune suppressed individuals
- cannot revert to pathogenicity and therefore cannot cause infectious disease in the host
What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines ?
- less likely to elicit a cell-mediated immune response
- do not grow in the host multiple boosters may be required
- can still induce side effects
