Immunology

Question 1

What is passive immunity in artifically acquired immunity ?

Answer 1

antibodies artificially produced outside directly injected to the body
- no contact with pathogen

Question 2

What is the 1st line of defense against infection ?

Answer 2

external defense
- skin, mucus, nasal hair, cilia

Question 3

What is innate/born/non-specific defense mechanism broken into?

Answer 3

• external defense (1st line of defense)
• internal defense ( 2nd line of defense)

Question 4

What is acquired/adaptive/specific defence mechanisms broken into ?

Answer 4

• active immunity
• passive immunity

Question 5

What is innate immunity ?

Answer 5

• 1st defense to respond
• not affected by prior contact with the infectious agent or other material involved
• operates constantly to prevent establishment of infection

Question 6

What does lysozyme do ?

Answer 6

breaks down bacterial cell walls

Question 7

What do beta-lysine (platelets) do ?

Answer 7

lyses of gram (+) bacteria

Question 8

What are the functions of Neutrophils ?

Answer 8

• phagocytic
• first at inflammatory site
• ingest and destroy invaders

Question 9

What are functions of Eosinophiles ?

Answer 9

• less phagocytic
• thought to play a role in parasitic infections
• destroy invaders, particularly antibody-coated parasites

Question 10

What are functions of Basophils ?

Answer 10

non-phagocytic
- release substances in certain allergic responses

Question 11

What are functions of Mast cells ?

Answer 11

work with basophiles in releasing histamine in allergic responses

Question 12

What are the functions of Dendritic cells ?

Answer 12

present antigen to T and B cells
- recognize pathogens and activate other immune cells by antigen presentation

Question 13

Which cells is primarily responsible for adaptive immune response ?

Answer 13

lymphocytes

Question 14

What is the function of B lymphocytes ?

Answer 14

develop and mature in the bone marrow

Question 15

What is high herd immunity ?

Answer 15

when the majority of the population is immune to an infectious agent and it is difficult for the pathogen to spread throughout the population,
- more people are immune

Question 16

What is low herd immunity ?

Answer 16

when it’s easy for the pathogen to spread throughout the population
- more of the population is non-immune

Question 17

What are the vaccine design considerations ?

Answer 17

• vaccine should be safe/should not induce disease
• vaccine should induce an appropriate type of immune response
• vaccine should induce generation of memory cells so that immunity will be long-lasting
• vaccine should protect against different strains or subtypes of the pathogen
• vaccine should be inexpensive and stable

Question 18

What are some disadvantages of live, attenuated vaccines ?

Answer 18

• cannot be given to immune suppressed individuals
• must be grown in tissue cultures
• may induce severe side effects in some individuals
• may revert to wild-type

Question 19

What are some advantages of live, attenuated vaccines ?

Answer 19

• can infect host cells and induce cell-mediated immunity as well as humoral immunity
• grow within the host so immune response requires fewer immunizations and the resulting response may be longer lasting
• vaccinated individuals can infect other individuals and thus spread immunity within the population

Question 20

What is artificial immunity ?

Answer 20

active by administration of vaccine

Question 21

What are autoimmune disease ?

Answer 21

when our immune system cannot tell the difference between the foreign invaders and your body’s health tissues
- can cause inflammation, pain and damage in various parts of the body

Question 22

What are live vaccines ?

Answer 22

pathogenic viruses or bacteria that are still able to replicate in the recipient but unable to cause disease

Question 23

What are killed vaccines ?

Answer 23

infectious agent unable to replicate in the host
- whole organisms that have been treated with heat or chemicals to inactive them
or specific components or extracts of pathogens

Question 24

What are the advantages of killed vaccines ?

Answer 24

• will not harm immune suppressed individuals
• cannot revert to pathogenicity and therefore cannot cause infectious disease in the host

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines ?

Answer 25

• less likely to elicit a cell-mediated immune response
• do not grow in the host multiple boosters may be required
• can still induce side effects