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Microbiology > Interactions between Humans and Microorganisms > Flashcards

Interactions between Humans and Microorganisms Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the different types of portal of entry ?

A
  • mucous membranes
  • skin
  • placenta
  • parenteral route
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2
Q

What are examples of a mucous membrane portal of entry ?

A

respiratory, GI tract, urogenital, eye

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3
Q

What are examples of a skin portal of entry ?

A

hair follicles, sweat glands, cuts, bites, stabs,

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4
Q

What does portal of entry mean ?

A

how microorganisms can enter your body

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5
Q

What is the placenta portal of entry ?

A

typically forms protective barrier to most pathogens
- syphilis, HIV, and toxoplasma can cross placenta

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6
Q

What is the parenteral route portal of entry ?

A

pathogens enter body by means other than gastrointestinal route (non oral)
- gets deposited directly into the tissue
- occurs in puncture by nails, thorns, needles, breaks in skin, surgery

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7
Q

Why is our normal flora important ?

A

acts as a protective barrier and keeps other microorganisms out
- can produce chemicals that prevent other microorganisms from growing
- prevents growth of other potentially harmful bacteria because it takes up space and doesn’t allow space for harmful bacteria

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8
Q

Why can antibiotic therapy hurt healthy flora ?

A

antibiotics can sometimes knock down the flora which lets other microorganisms enter
- will kill invader and the normal flora which decreases hosts defense

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9
Q

What is innate immune response ?

A

defense directed against any organism that tries to invade the host
- response is the same no matter what the microorganism can be (will hurt healthy microorganisms)
- not adaptable

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10
Q

How do mucous secretions protect from pathogens ?

A

saliva, tears, and mucous secretions wash away potential pathogens

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11
Q

How can mucus protect us from pathogens ?

A

can trap pathogens

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12
Q

How does cilia protect from pathogens ?

A

propel mucous-trapped pathogens from the respiratory tract
- hair like projections from epithelial cell lining respiratory tract

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13
Q

How does physiological barriers protect from pathogens ?

A

makes the environment inhospitable to pathogens inside your body
Ex.) pH: stomach pH kills most ingested pathogens

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14
Q

How does temperature protect from pathogens ?

A
  • body temp inhibits growth of some pathogens
  • fever response inhibits growth of some pathogens
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15
Q

What is phagocytic barriers ?

A
  • will recognize invader and will destroy them while not harming the body itself
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16
Q

What are the physiological factors in inflammation response ?

A
  • vasodilation: increased blood flow to area
  • increased permeability of the capillaries: influx of fluid and cells
  • accumulation of fluid: proteins and antibodies contribute to tissue edema
  • fibrin is deposited: main component of blood clotting, if injured there will be a influx of phagocytic cells to injured cell
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17
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation ?

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • edema
  • pain
  • loss of function
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18
Q

What is adaptive immunity ?

A

causes specific reactions to certain pathogens
- adapts to the pathogen
- more complex then innate immunity

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19
Q

In adaptive immunity what identifies that there is a invader ?

A

the antigen

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20
Q

What are cytotoxic cells ?

A

specific and are looking for a marker(antigen)
- stimulated by the antigen and will destroy pathogen

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21
Q

How does age affect host resistance ?

A
  • babies up to 3 months do not produce antibodies and rely on maternal antibody protection
  • the older the person the more the immune system decreases
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22
Q

How does nutrition affect host resistance ?

A

there is a correlation between the functioning of immune system and nutritional habits

23
Q

How does treatment affect host resistance ?

A
  • radiation and chemotherapeutic agents kill healthy cells which include immune cells
  • antibiotics kill normal, healthy flora which increases chances of secondary infection
24
Q

How can disease/chronic conditions affect host resistance ?

A

disease can cause normal function of the body to be increased or decreased

25
Q

How does trauma affect host resistance ?

A

emotional or physical trauma weakens immune system

26
Q

How does direct intrusion of physical barrier affect host resistance ?

A

if foreign object enters the body then that protective barrier is compromised which can let infections enter into the body

27
Q

What is normal flora ?

A

microbes that colonize the body (internal and external) without normally causing disease

28
Q

What are the benefits of normal flora ?

A
  • prevents growth of other potentially harmful bacteria
  • prevents attachment to tissue
  • competes for nutrients with harmful bacteria
  • consume lots of O2 leaving very little for other harmful bacteria
  • produces acids, toxins, and peroxides that are toxic to harmful bacteria
29
Q

What is an infection ?

A

bacteria that colonize body tissue and cause host to react with an immune response

30
Q

What is a disease ?

A

noticeable impairment of body function

31
Q

What is a infectious disease ?

A

when disease is caused by infectious bacteria or virus

32
Q

Do all infections result in disease ?

A

no

33
Q

What is colonization ?

A

establishment of bacterial growth on or within the host

34
Q

What is a pathogen ?

A

any disease causing microorganisms or virus

35
Q

What does pathogenic mean ?

A

disease causing

36
Q

What does pathogenicity mean ?

A

ability to cause disease

37
Q

What does opportunistic pathogen mean ?

A

cause disease in host with impaired immune system
- even normal flora can become an opportunist

38
Q

What does virulence mean ?

A

characteristics of the bacteria or virus that makes it cause disease/pathogenic

39
Q

What is more likely to cause disease, virulent or avirulent ?

A

virulent organism
- Strep pneumonia: species with capsules are virulent and more likely to cause pneumonia

40
Q

What is less likely to cause disease, virulent or avirulent ?

A

avirulent organism
- normal throat flora: species without capsules are avirulent and not likely to cause pneumonia

41
Q

What are the 3 classifications of pathogens ?

A
  1. extracellular pathogens
  2. facultative intracellular pathogens
  3. obligate intracellular pathogens
42
Q

What are obligate intracellular pathogens ?

A

can only survive and reproduce inside host cells
- must grow in cell cultures
- chlamydia, viruses

43
Q

What are facultative intracellular pathogens ?

A

will reproduce inside host cells and can live outside host cells
- can grow on artificial media that is enriched with special nutrients and growth factors
- can become intracellular under circumstances
- legionella, some salmonella, gonorrhoeae

44
Q

What are extracellular pathogens ?

A

do not need to invade host cells to reproduce
- reproduce in spaces and fluids surrounding cells and tissues
- systemic infections
- largest # of pathogens and grow on artificial media
- staphylococci and streptococci

45
Q

What is exotoxins ?

A

proteins that act as powerful poisons systemically to humans
- secreted from Gram + (most common) and -
- secreted from cytoplasm into surrounding areas when organism dies (following lysis)
- staphylococcus aureus

46
Q

What are endotoxins ?

A

part of cell wall of gram - bacteria
- released from the cell wall
- released only when bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart
- all of these infections have same effect on host
- salmonella

47
Q

What does lysis mean ?

A

destruction of the cell

48
Q

What are symptoms ?

A

subjective data that can’t be seen
- what the pt’s tell doctors
- pain, headache, chills, discomfort

49
Q

What are signs ?

A

objective data that can be measured or observed
- swelling, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, fever

50
Q

What are syndromes ?

A

manifested group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease or abnormal condition
- strep throat

51
Q

What is the scientific method ?

A

process used to systematically investigate observations, solve problems and test hypotheses

52
Q

What is the importance of the scientific method ?

A

helps scientists ensure that the theories they test are true by testing a hypotheses with tests

53
Q

What is cellulits ?

A

diffuse purulent (pus) inflammation
- spreads between layers of the involved tissue
- may result from acute or chronic infection
- commonly by staphylococcus or streptococcus

54
Q

What is granulomatous infection ?

A

chronic inflammation in which granulomas are formed
- body walls off the organisms (ex.) TB
- nodules caused by inflammation
- typically no symptoms but can be detected with chest x-ray

Microbiology (18 decks)

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