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Microbiology > Interactions between Humans and Microorganisms > Flashcards

Interactions between Humans and Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of portal of entry ?

A
  • mucous membranes
  • skin
  • placenta
  • parenteral route
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2
Q

What are examples of a mucous membrane portal of entry ?

A

respiratory, GI tract, urogenital, eye

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3
Q

What are examples of a skin portal of entry ?

A

hair follicles, sweat glands, cuts, bites, stabs,

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4
Q

What does portal of entry mean ?

A

how microorganisms can enter your body

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5
Q

What is the placenta portal of entry ?

A

typically forms protective barrier to most pathogens
- syphilis, HIV, and toxoplasma can cross placenta

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6
Q

What is the parenteral route portal of entry ?

A

pathogens enter body by means other than gastrointestinal route (non oral)
- gets deposited directly into the tissue
- occurs in puncture by nails, thorns, needles, breaks in skin, surgery

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7
Q

Why is our normal flora important ?

A

acts as a protective barrier and keeps other microorganisms out
- can produce chemicals that prevent other microorganisms from growing
- prevents growth of other potentially harmful bacteria because it takes up space and doesn’t allow space for harmful bacteria

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8
Q

Why can antibiotic therapy hurt healthy flora ?

A

antibiotics can sometimes knock down the flora which lets other microorganisms enter
- will kill invader and the normal flora which decreases hosts defense

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9
Q

What is innate immune response ?

A

defense directed against any organism that tries to invade the host
- response is the same no matter what the microorganism can be (will hurt healthy microorganisms)
- not adaptable

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10
Q

How do mucous secretions protect from pathogens ?

A

saliva, tears, and mucous secretions wash away potential pathogens

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11
Q

How can mucus protect us from pathogens ?

A

can trap pathogens

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12
Q

How does cilia protect from pathogens ?

A

propel mucous-trapped pathogens from the respiratory tract
- hair like projections from epithelial cell lining respiratory tract

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13
Q

How does physiological barriers protect from pathogens ?

A

makes the environment inhospitable to pathogens inside your body
Ex.) pH: stomach pH kills most ingested pathogens

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14
Q

How does temperature protect from pathogens ?

A
  • body temp inhibits growth of some pathogens
  • fever response inhibits growth of some pathogens
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15
Q

What is phagocytic barriers ?

A
  • will recognize invader and will destroy them while not harming the body itself
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16
Q

What are the physiological factors in inflammation response ?

A
  • vasodilation: increased blood flow to area
  • increased permeability of the capillaries: influx of fluid and cells
  • accumulation of fluid: proteins and antibodies contribute to tissue edema
  • fibrin is deposited: main component of blood clotting, if injured there will be a influx of phagocytic cells to injured cell
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17
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation ?

A
  • heat
  • redness
  • edema
  • pain
  • loss of function
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18
Q

What is adaptive immunity ?

A

causes specific reactions to certain pathogens
- adapts to the pathogen
- more complex then innate immunity

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19
Q

In adaptive immunity what identifies that there is a invader ?

A

the antigen

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20
Q

What are cytotoxic cells ?

A

specific and are looking for a marker(antigen)
- stimulated by the antigen and will destroy pathogen

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21
Q

How does age affect host resistance ?

A
  • babies up to 3 months do not produce antibodies and rely on maternal antibody protection
  • the older the person the more the immune system decreases
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22
Q

How does nutrition affect host resistance ?

A

there is a correlation between the functioning of immune system and nutritional habits

23
Q

How does treatment affect host resistance ?

A
  • radiation and chemotherapeutic agents kill healthy cells which include immune cells
  • antibiotics kill normal, healthy flora which increases chances of secondary infection
24
Q

How can disease/chronic conditions affect host resistance ?

A

disease can cause normal function of the body to be increased or decreased

25
How does trauma affect host resistance ?
emotional or physical trauma weakens immune system
26
How does direct intrusion of physical barrier affect host resistance ?
if foreign object enters the body then that protective barrier is compromised which can let infections enter into the body
27
What is normal flora ?
microbes that colonize the body (internal and external) without normally causing disease
28
What are the benefits of normal flora ?
- prevents growth of other potentially harmful bacteria - prevents attachment to tissue - competes for nutrients with harmful bacteria - consume lots of O2 leaving very little for other harmful bacteria - produces acids, toxins, and peroxides that are toxic to harmful bacteria
29
What is an infection ?
bacteria that colonize body tissue and cause host to react with an immune response
30
What is a disease ?
noticeable impairment of body function
31
What is a infectious disease ?
when disease is caused by infectious bacteria or virus
32
Do all infections result in disease ?
no
33
What is colonization ?
establishment of bacterial growth on or within the host
34
What is a pathogen ?
any disease causing microorganisms or virus
35
What does pathogenic mean ?
disease causing
36
What does pathogenicity mean ?
ability to cause disease
37
What does opportunistic pathogen mean ?
cause disease in host with impaired immune system - even normal flora can become an opportunist
38
What does virulence mean ?
characteristics of the bacteria or virus that makes it cause disease/pathogenic
39
What is more likely to cause disease, virulent or avirulent ?
virulent organism - Strep pneumonia: species with capsules are virulent and more likely to cause pneumonia
40
What is less likely to cause disease, virulent or avirulent ?
avirulent organism - normal throat flora: species without capsules are avirulent and not likely to cause pneumonia
41
What are the 3 classifications of pathogens ?
1. extracellular pathogens 2. facultative intracellular pathogens 3. obligate intracellular pathogens
42
What are obligate intracellular pathogens ?
can only survive and reproduce inside host cells - must grow in cell cultures - chlamydia, viruses
43
What are facultative intracellular pathogens ?
will reproduce inside host cells and can live outside host cells - can grow on artificial media that is enriched with special nutrients and growth factors - can become intracellular under circumstances - legionella, some salmonella, gonorrhoeae
44
What are extracellular pathogens ?
do not need to invade host cells to reproduce - reproduce in spaces and fluids surrounding cells and tissues - systemic infections - largest # of pathogens and grow on artificial media - staphylococci and streptococci
45
What is exotoxins ?
proteins that act as powerful poisons systemically to humans - secreted from Gram + (most common) and - - secreted from cytoplasm into surrounding areas when organism dies (following lysis) - staphylococcus aureus
46
What are endotoxins ?
part of cell wall of gram - bacteria - released from the cell wall - released only when bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart - all of these infections have same effect on host - salmonella
47
What does lysis mean ?
destruction of the cell
48
What are symptoms ?
subjective data that can't be seen - what the pt's tell doctors - pain, headache, chills, discomfort
49
What are signs ?
objective data that can be measured or observed - swelling, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, fever
50
What are syndromes ?
manifested group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease or abnormal condition - strep throat
51
What is the scientific method ?
process used to systematically investigate observations, solve problems and test hypotheses
52
What is the importance of the scientific method ?
helps scientists ensure that the theories they test are true by testing a hypotheses with tests
53
What is cellulits ?
diffuse purulent (pus) inflammation - spreads between layers of the involved tissue - may result from acute or chronic infection - commonly by staphylococcus or streptococcus
54
What is granulomatous infection ?
chronic inflammation in which granulomas are formed - body walls off the organisms (ex.) TB - nodules caused by inflammation - typically no symptoms but can be detected with chest x-ray

Microbiology (18 decks)

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