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Food Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of common gram (-) food borne bacteria ?

A
  • salmonella
  • shigella
  • E. Coli
  • Campylobacter
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2
Q

Where can you get salmonella from ?

A

meat, eggs, fish, shrimp, cream-filled deserts, poultry and unpasteurized milk

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3
Q

What is the typical onset time for salmonella ?

A

6 to 48 hrs
- more like 24 hrs

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4
Q

What are some symptoms of salmonella bacteria ?

A

stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea, chills, fever, headache

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5
Q

How much of a dose of cells does Salmonella take to infect ?

A

as few as 15-20 cells
- doesn’t take much

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6
Q

What is the treatment for Salmonella infection ?

A

PO or injected antibiotics
- for 2 weeks

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7
Q

What are some characteristics of Salmonella infections ?

A
  • NORMALLY takes about 24 hrs to get symptoms through 72 hrs
  • the more times you get it the worse it gets
  • contagious
  • likes to hang out in the digestive tract
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8
Q

What were the 3 big Salmonella outbreaks ?

A
  • Cheerios
  • Ice cream
  • peanut butter
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9
Q

How long does it take for Shigella symptoms to start ?

A

1-2 days after exposure

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10
Q

What are some symptoms of Shigella infection ?

A
  • diarrhea (sometimes bloody)
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
  • tenesmus (painful sensation of needing to pass stools even when bowels are empty)
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11
Q

What is the most dangerous type of E. Coli ?

A

E.Coli 0157H7 (EHEC)
- common in cattle feces and found often in ground beef
- also found in apple cider
- fallen apples can only be used in pasteurized cider

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12
Q

How long does E.Coli illness last ?

A

7-10 days

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13
Q

How long does it take for E.Coli symptoms to occur ?

A

as little as 12 hrs to 3-10 days

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14
Q

How does E.Coli infections get passed ?

A
  • person to person
  • hand to mouth contact
  • fecal-oral route
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15
Q

How can you prevent E.Coli ?

A
  • ensure proper cooking of food
  • ensure proper refrigeration of food
  • keep food preparation areas and utensils clean
  • observe best before dates on food
  • wash all fruits and vegetables before eating -
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16
Q

What are some symptoms of E.Coli ?

A

this infection is associated with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
- fever
- vomiting
- stomach cramps
- diarrhea which can go from watery to bloody

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17
Q

What are some symptoms of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)?

A

leading cause of kidney failure in the elderly and young children
- onset starts about one week after first symptoms
- irritability
- fatigue
- puffiness around the eyes and ankles
- decrease in urine production

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18
Q

What is the primary bacterium of Campylobacter ?

A

C. Jejuni

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19
Q

Where is Campylobacter found ?

A

most animals
- also shellfish and unpasteurized milk

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of Campylobacter ?

A
  • sensitive to O2, drying, freezing, salting, acid
  • bacteria needs small amount of O2 (too little kills it and too much does)
  • heat labile toxin
  • gram (-) microaerophilic curved or S-shaped rod
  • very fragile outside of body so proper food handling can control it
  • invasive gastroenteritis in humans and can lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome
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21
Q

What are some symptoms of campylobacter infection ?

A
  • abdominal cramps
  • diarrhea
  • headache
  • watery and sometimes bloody stool
  • fever
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22
Q

What is the onset of Campylobacter infection ?

23
Q

How much of a dose of cells does it take for a Campylobacter infection ?

A

400-500 cells
- can become antibiotic resistant due to antibiotics in animal food

24
Q

What are some gram (+) food infections ?

A
  • listeria
  • staphylococcus
  • clostridium
  • bacillus
25
What are some characteristics of Listeria ?
- gram (+) rods - facultative anerobic - no production of endospores - incubation between 3-70 days
26
Where can you find Listeria ?
- in soil which can cause contamination of vegetables and fruit (cantaloupes and apples) - dairy products (un/pasteurized) - ready to eat foods such as hot dogs and deli meats - pasteurized and ready to eat foods may become contaminated through handling
27
Which bacteria is one of the most virulent foodborne pathogens ?
Listeria Monocytogenes
28
What are some characteristics of Listeria Monocytogenes ?
- gram (+) - beta hemolysis (narrow bands of hemolysis that do not extend much past the colony) - motile at 30 C - catalase (+) - Oxidase (-)
29
What are some characteristics of Staph Aureus ?
caused by staph enterotoxin - bacteria killed by heat but toxin tends to persist - vomiting more common than diarrhea - 2-8 hrs after eating - facultative anaerobe
30
What are some characteristics of Clostridium ?
2 mains are Clostridium Perfringens and Botulinum - form spores - gram (+) rods
31
What are some characteristics of Clostridium Perfringens ?
produce sub terminal spores which can survive cooking - very common in nature - produce heat labile toxin
32
What are some symptoms of Clostridium Perfringens infection ?
- abdominal cramps - watery diarrhea - nausea
33
How big of a dose does it take for a Clostridium Perfringens infection ?
large infective dose - 10 to the 8th cells - in cooked meat and poultry as well as gravy
34
How is Clostridium Botulinum transmitted ?
spores, widespread in soil, contaminate vegetables and meats - when foods are canned or vacuum-packed without sterilization the spores can survive and germinate in the anaerobic environment - toxin is produced within the canned food and ingested preformed
35
How long does it take for Clostridium Botulinum to start ?
12-36 hrs after ingestion
36
What is the pathogensis of Clostridium Botulinum ?
- toxin is absorbed from gut and carried via blood to peripheral nerve synapses - then blocks release of ACh
37
What are some characteristics of Bacillus Cereus ?
- gram (+) rods - spore forming - Facultative Anaerobe - very widespread in nature (especially in spore state)
38
Where is Bacillus Cereus found in ?
- rice - potatoes - casseroles
39
How long does it take for diarrheal illness of B. Cereus to incubate?
10-16 hrs
40
How long does it take for the vomiting illness of B. Cereus to incubate ?
1-6 hrs
41
What is the dose needed for a Bacillus Cereus infection to occur ?
infective dose of 10 to the fifth CFU/gram
42
What are the results for Bacillus Cereus in a Mannitol Egg plate ?
- mannitol negative (pink-red colonies) - lacithinase positive (zone of precipitate around the colonies)
43
What does a lecithinase positive result look like in a mannitol egg plate ?
hydrolyze the lecithin - zone of white precipitate forms around the colonies
44
What does a bacteria that ferments mannitol produce ?
acid products and form colonies that are yellow
45
What are some symptoms of the Norovirus infection ?
- dehydration - N & V - fever - abdominal cramping - diarrhea
46
How long does the incubation period of the norovirus last ?
24 to 48 hrs - symptoms lasting 12 to 60 hrs - infected hosts can shed virus in stool up to 2 weeks
47
With the norovirus how long are you highly contagious ?
1-3 days - wash hands - bleach surfaces - stay home
48
How long does it take for symptoms of the norovirus to begin ?
12-48 hrs later you get sick
49
How long can you continue to shed particles of the norovirus ?
2 weeks later
50
What is your immunity against the Norovirus after getting better ?
temporarily immune against the particular strain of the Norovirus - but there is many strains but you'll need to keep up hygiene
51
What are some challenges of food microbiology ?
length of time between ingesting food and symptoms first appear varies between the bacteria - How well do people remember what they ate ? - What food do they have in common ?
52
How long does it take for symptoms of Staph Enterotoxin to manifest ?
2-8 hrs later
53
How long does it take for symptoms of Shigella to manifest ?
1-2 days
54
How long does it take for symptoms of Listeria to manifest ?
3-70 days

Microbiology (18 decks)

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