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Microbiology > Viruses and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Viruses and Eukaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Extracellular form of a virus

A

Virus particle

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2
Q

Infectious virus particle

A

virion

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3
Q

Viral genomes can have either

A

DNA or RNA genomes/ circular or linear

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4
Q

Can viruses have SsRNA/dsRNA same for DNA?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Viruses are grouped based on

A

the hosts they infect

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6
Q

capsid

A

protein shell around genome

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7
Q

capsomer

A

subunit of the capsid

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8
Q

Nucleocapsid and enveloped virus

A

-complete complex of nucleic acid

virus that has additional layers around nucleocapsid

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9
Q

Helical symmetry vs icosahedral symmetry

A
  • Rod shaped viruses, length determined by length of nucleic acid.
  • Spherical viruses
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10
Q

Enveloped viruses have

A

lipid bilayer with embedded proteins ad glycoproteins are encoded by the viral genome

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11
Q

Glycoproteins make ? with host cells

A

Initial contact

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12
Q

Name the enzymes critical to infection

A

Lysozymes, nucleic acid polymerases (Reverse transcriptase), and neuraminadases (enzymes that cleave glycosidic bonds to free the virus.)

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13
Q

What is analogous to the bacterial colony and used to measure virus infectivity?

A

Plaque assays

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14
Q

Plaques?

A

Clear zones that develop on lawns of host cells, result from infection by a single virus

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15
Q

Phases of rial replicatio

A 
Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
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16
Q

Example the phases of the one-step growth curve

A

Eclipse- genome is replicated and proteins are translated
Maturation-packaging of nucleic acid in capsids
Latent Period- eclipse + maturation
Release - cell lysis, budding, or excretion

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17
Q

Burst size

A

of virons released.

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18
Q

Attachment of virion to host is

A

highly specific and requires complementary receptors on the surface.

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19
Q

Receptors? What are they

A

carry out normal functions for cell,

include proteins, carbs, glycoproteins, lipids, lipoproteins, or complexes.

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20
Q

What bacteria effects E. Coli?

A

Bacteriophage- T4

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21
Q

Name the viral defenses of eukaryotes/bacteria/

A

Eukaryotes- RNA interference/immune defense
Bacteria- restriction-mod system, DNA destruction system (only effective against DNA virus)
, restriction enzymes (cleave DNA) at specific sequences.
AND CRISPR- against viruses,

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22
Q

Once a host has been infected, what must happen?

A

Virus-specific proteins must be synthesized and new copies of the viral genome must be made.
mRNA first.

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23
Q

Viral genome is the template for

A

the viral mRNA

in some viruses, viral RNA genome itself is the mRNA.

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24
Q

What are in the virion

A

Essential transcriptional enzymes such as RNA replicase.

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25
Q

Genome replication

A

many different schemes.

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26
Q

single stranded DNA/RNA virus

A

mRNA is in the plus configuation while its complement is in its minus config.

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27
Q

+ strand RNA virus

A

single strand RNA GENOME with sam orientation as its mRNA

28
Q
  • strand RNA virus
A

single stranded RNA GENOME WITH COMPLEMENTARY orientation to its mRNA.

29
Q

Neg strand RNA and doubled stranded RNA viruses need

A

RNA-dependents RNA polymerase to make mRNA

30
Q

Smalll DNA viruses use ?

A

DNA polymerase

31
Q

t4 encodes?

is first replicated as?

A

primases, helicases, and 8-protein DNA replisome complex.

as a unit then forms concatemer (several genomic units combined)

32
Q

circular permuation

A

feature of many virus genomes where same genes are arranged in differrent orders.

33
Q

Terminally redundant

A

some DNA sequences duplicated on both ends.

34
Q

How long does virion synthesis take? What does it release?

A
  • 30min

- new virions lysed from cell.

35
Q

Early, middle, late proteins of T4 genome

A

see notes

36
Q

During transcription and translation of T4 bacteriophage, what happens?

A

The early, middle/late proteins
and the T4-specific proteins modify host RNA polymerase specificity to recognize only phage promoters.
Host transcription gets shut down.

37
Q

explain the three stages of packaging the t4 genome

THE VIRION ASSEMBLY and the release

A

see notes

38
Q

The genome is pumped into the head under pressure using what

A

ATP

39
Q

the best-studied bacteriophages infect what bacteria

and most contain what genomes?

A

enteric

most contain dsDNA genomes

40
Q

Virulent mode

A

lyse and kill host

41
Q

Temperate mode

A

Replicate their genome wihtout killing

42
Q

Temperate viruses can undergo a

A

a different life cycle resulting in the stable genetic relationship within the host, but can also kill sounds through lytic cycle

43
Q

Lysogeny

A

state where most virus genes not expressed and virus genome (prophage) is replicated along with host chromosome

44
Q

Lysogen

A

bacteria containing a prophage

45
Q

ANIMAL viruses contain…

A

all known modes of viral genome replication

46
Q

There are more kinds of ? animal viruses than bacterial viruses.

A

Enveloped

47
Q

as animal viruses leave host cell,

A

they can remove part of host cells lipid bilyar for their envelope.

48
Q

What are the consequences in virus infection of animal cells.?

A

lysis of cells, persistent infections, latent infections, transformation (normal to tumor)

49
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA viruses, that replicate via a DNA intermediate

are an enveloped and have enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease

50
Q

Process of replication of retroviruses

A

entrance into the cell and removal of viron envelope

reverse transcription of one of the two RNA genomes

integration of retroviral DNA into host genome using integrase enzyme

transcription of virus mRNA from viral DNA

assembly and packaging of genomic RNA after its transcribed then budding of envelopes virions, released from cell

51
Q

Prions

A

infectious proteins
causes DNA in animals
Host cell has native form of prion protein found in healthy animals
mad cow disease

52
Q

infectious prion disease

A

transmitted between animals or humans

53
Q

sporadic prion disease

A

random misfolding in uninfected indv

54
Q

inherited prion disease

A

mutation in the prion gene yields a protein that changes more often into a disease-causing form.

55
Q

Mitochondria and Hydrogenosome

A

specialize in chemotrophic energy metabolism

the mitochondria is for respiration in oxidative phosphorylation
hydrogenosome lack the CAC cycle AND HAS NO GENOME OF ITS OWN
oxidizes pyruvate to hydrogen carbon dioxide in acetate and is found in trichomonas

56
Q

Thylakoids

A

flattened membrane disks

57
Q

Stroma

A

Lumen of chloroplast

58
Q

Stroma contains LARGE AMOUNTS

A

RubisCO

59
Q

Key enzime in calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco

60
Q

the relationship between the 18s rRNA genes is

A

LESS strong for eukaryotes then 16s RRNA genes are for prokaryotes

61
Q

Diplomonads

A

have two nuclei of equal size, have my toes ohms that degenerate mitochondria, Giardia is the cause of giardiasis a common waterborne disease

62
Q

Parabasalids

A

Lack mitochondria but have hydrogenosomes for anaerobic metabolism

living intestinal and urogenital tract
trichomonas vaginalis

63
Q

The two key genera refer diplomonads and parabasalids are

A

Giardia and trichomonas

64
Q

Euglenozoans key genera

A

Trypanosoma and Euglena

65
Q

Group of euglenozoans are

A

Kinetoplastids

Microbiology (12 decks)

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