History of Microbiology

Question 1

All cells have

Answer 1

Metabolism. growth. evolution.

Question 2

What are the two types of metabolism?

Answer 2

genetic and catalytic.

Question 3

only SOME cells have these properties

Answer 3

differentiation, genetic exchange, communication, motility.

Question 4

The 2 main themes of microbiology

Answer 4

1. understanding basic life processes

2. how they benefit humans.

Question 5

How do cells act as machines? Coding devices?

Answer 5

Cells act as machines because they carry out chemical transformations. (Enzymes!!!)
Coding devices: they store/ process information, DNA/Evolution.

Question 6

Populations of interacting assemblages are

Answer 6

microbial communities.

Question 7

Habitat

Answer 7

The environment in which a microbial population lives is its

Question 8

Ecosystem

Answer 8

refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment

Question 9

Microbial ecology

Answer 9

is the study of microbes in their natural environments

Question 10

Global estimate of microbes

Answer 10

5 x 10^30

Question 11

Where are microbes mostly found

Answer 11

oceanic and terrestrial subsurfaces

Question 12

1 billion y.o. earth was exclusive?

Answer 12

Microbial.

Question 13

pH level of stomach, small and large intestine.

Answer 13

Stomach 2
Small 4-5
Large 7

Question 14

Louis Pasteur

Answer 14

Discovered alcoholic fermentation as a biological and not chemical process.

• Disproved theory of spontaneous generation
• Led to developing a method to control growth
• Vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, rabies.

Question 15

What did pasteurs experiment prove?

Answer 15

Proved there is NO spontaneous generation because the flask that tipped over, came into contact with dust and particles which contaminated the sterile liquid.

Question 16

Robert Koch

Answer 16

• demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious disease. (anthrax/tuberculosis)
• Postulates demonstrated cause and effect
• developed solid media for pure cultures.

Question 17

Name his postulates

Answer 17

1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
2. the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
3. cells from a pure culture of suspected pathogen must cause disease in the healthy animal.
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.

Question 18

Martinus Beijerinck

Answer 18

Developed Enrichment Culture Technique
-Microbes isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions e.g., Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (probably most important to humans); also sulfate reducers and S-oxidizers, Lactobacillus, green algae, some anaerobes, others

Question 19

Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) and the Concept of?

Answer 19

Chemolithotrophy.

• Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations (e.g., S & N cycles)
• Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy: Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

Question 20

Chemolithotroph

Answer 20

energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds (e donors)

Question 21

chemoorganotroph

Answer 21

energy from oxidation of organic compounds

Question 22

chemoautotrophs

Answer 22

chemoautotrophs feed themselves using inorganic energy sources such as hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron, molecular hydrogen, and ammonia (most are extremophiles)

Question 23

In 20th century microbiology developed in two distinct directions

Answer 23

Applied and Basic

Question 24

? developed from concepts developed by Beijerinck and Winogradsky

Answer 24

Agricultural Microbiology and Industrial Microbiology

Question 25

What drive most new knowledge of environmental microbes?

Answer 25

Molecular biology advances

Question 26

Components of Biotechnology

Answer 26

Manipulation of cellular genomes

DNA from one organism can be “transplanted” into a bacterium and the proteins encoded by the DNA harvested