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Microbiology > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbes interact with

A

Other organisms and their environment

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2
Q

? Carry out the essential activities

A

Microbes

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3
Q

Species diversity and abundance

A

Ecology

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4
Q

Ecosystem definition

A

complex of plants, animals, microbes, abiotic items.

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5
Q

Describe the microbial habitat

A

Microbes inhabit any plant or animal habitat but also where animals and plants cannot live.

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6
Q

What percent of biomass do microbes account for?

A

50% and they are ubiquitous (appear everywhere) on the surface and deep within earth.

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7
Q

Know parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

A

Recite to yourself.

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8
Q

What do the rates of microbial activities depend on?

A

nutrient availability and growth conditions

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9
Q

What defines a group of microorganisms of the same species living in the same place?

A

Population

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10
Q

Community

A

pop. of one species living with one or more species.

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11
Q

Species richness

A

total number of diff species

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12
Q

Species abundance

A

proportion of each species in an ecosystem.

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13
Q

Guilds are

A

metabolically related microbial populations

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14
Q

Niche

A

habitat shared by a guild that supplies nutrients and conditions for growth.

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15
Q

Biogeochemistry

A

study of biologically mediated chemical transformations.

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16
Q

What does a biogeochemical cycle define?

A

the transformations of a key elements by a biological or chemical agent.

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17
Q

Microbes play roles in E transformation and biogeochemical processes that result in

A

recycling of elements in living systems.

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18
Q

Microenvironment

A

the immediate environmental surroundings of a microbial cell.

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19
Q

What is the difference between growth of microbes in nature versus the lab

A

the growth rates in nature are well below maximum growth rates from the lab.

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20
Q

Why are surfaces important?

A

Nutrients absorb to surfaces and microbial cells can attach to surfaces.

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21
Q

What are the benefits of biofilms

A

prevent detachment of cells, nutrients for growth, protect from predation or immune system

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22
Q

How to biofilms form>

A

They attach (polysaccharides), then expression of formation specific gens that encode the proteins to synthesis signaling molecules and initiation matric formation.

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23
Q

What sensing is using in maintaince of a biofilm?

A

Intercellular communication called guorum sensing.

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24
Q

Name in order the steps of biofilm formation

A

Attachment, colonization, development, active dispersal.

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25
Q

What microbe causes an issue for medical devices

A

Psuedomonas aeruginosa (memorize!)’

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26
Q

What are the major intercellular signalling molecules?

A

acylated homoserine lactones

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27
Q

What do lactones activate

A

biofilms fformation gene expression

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28
Q

How do biofilms effect industries

A

Reduce flows in pipes, corrosion, contamination in food/ bev eqipment.

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29
Q

Microbial mats

A

Thick biofilms, built by phototrophic or chemolithotrophic bacteria.

30
Q

Chemolithotrophic mats have what type of bacteria?

A

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria: beggiatoa species

31
Q

Where do microbial mats like to grow?

A

where anoxic water is rich in hydrogen sulfide meets oxic water.

32
Q

Most microbial growth takes place where?

A

On the surfaces of soil particles.

33
Q

Soil around plant roots where there is most nutrients is the?

A

Rhizosphere

34
Q

What are the limiting nutrients in the soils?

A

N2, P, H2O

35
Q

Soils are composed of

A

Inorganic (40%) organic (5%) air and water (50%) living organisms.

36
Q

See soil aggregates slide 21

A

Sand, silt, clay.

37
Q

Surface soils rely on? Subsurfaces rely on?

A

Water availability.

Nutrition avilability.

38
Q

? Exist deep in subsurface

A

Archae and Bacteria. Use H2 oxidizing or sulfate reducing. See mine picture. 3 KM deep

39
Q

Balance between ? controls the oxygen and carbon cycles

A

photosynthesis and respiration.

40
Q

Phytoplanktons are ? phototrophs while benthic are?

A

oxygenic phototrophs that are susepnded frely in water while benthic are attached to the bottom or side of lakes!

41
Q

Activity of heterotrophic micros are dependent on

A

primary producers

42
Q

Difference from oxygenic phototrophs and anoxygenic phototrophs

A

Oxygenic produce organic matter and oxygen

Anoxygenic produce organic matter but NOT oxygen,.

43
Q

Oxygenic phototrophs are

A

cyanobacteria and algae

44
Q

Blooms can occur due to

A

nutrient (N, P) influxes, eutrophication

45
Q

Collapse of blooms lead to

A

oxygen depletion in lower water layers

46
Q

Oxygen concentrations in aquatic systems are dependent on

A

the amount of organic matter present and the physical mixing of the system

47
Q

“Turn over” occurs in ? while stratificatio occurs in?

A
  • fall & spring

- summer

48
Q

Anaerobic organisms thrive in

A

lower lake levels during stratification

49
Q

Rivers are mixed well because of ?

Can still suffer from oxygen deficiencies because of high inputs of

A
  • Rapid water flow

- From organic matter from sewage, and agricultural and industrial pollution.

50
Q

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

A

Microbial oxygen-consuming capacity of body of water.

51
Q

Ocean

A

Saline, cooler, low in nutrients.

52
Q

Open ocean nutrient levels are

A

relatively low, esp. at surface

Coastal areas and upwelling areas have higher nutrients

53
Q

What drives marine ecosystems?

A

The primary productivity,

54
Q

Why are nutrients higher at deeper depths?

A

Recycling by bacterial consumers.

55
Q

Oceans have lower overall ?

A

productivity

56
Q

Eutrophic open ocean areas may lead to

A

o2 Depletion “dead zone”

57
Q

Explain deepwater horizon oil spill

A

Largest marine spill over, bloom of gammaproteobacteria Colwellia, and cycloclasticus.

58
Q

What could have reduced the impact of the oil spill?

A

Early growth of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria

59
Q

Prochlorococcus is a prokaryotic cyanobacterium that dominates what? Then describe it

A

Dominates the open ocean.
Very small and can obtain nutrients in low level (surface to volume ratio benefit)
- is greater than 40% of the biomass of marine phototrophs and is 50% of net primary production.

60
Q

This phototroph fixes nitrogen and puts nutrients in the ecosystem also looks like sawdust on ocean surfaces

A

Trichodesmium

61
Q

What dominates higher productivity waters?

A

Eukaryotic phytoplankton. Diatoms, prymesiophytes, and green/golden algae.

62
Q

Small planktonic heterotrophic prokaryotes are abundant in what waters?

A

Pelagic

63
Q

What happens to prokaryote densities in the open ocean as it goes deeper?

A

They decrease in depth

64
Q

10^6 for ? waters

and how much when below 1000 m

A

10^6 for surface waters and drop to 10^3 - 10^5 below 1000 m.

65
Q

The most abundant group of bacteria is from what clade?

A

SAR11 clase. Identified as group based on 16s rRNA sequencing.
Representative genus is palgibacter
Oligotroph

66
Q

Oligotrophic

A

grows best at very low nutrient concentrations.

67
Q

Peligibacter has

A

small cells/genome.

68
Q

Proteorhodopsin

A

allows cells to use light energy to drive ATP synthesis

VERY common ability, does not consider phototrophs.

69
Q

Explain marine viruses

A

very abundant, about 10X bacterial count.
mostly bacteriophage
enhance nutrient turnover by lysing so many bacteria.

70
Q

Explain the microbial loop

A

DOC/DOM comes from bacteria lysis, dead cells, messy eating by plankton. then the bacteria consume the detritus (detritovores)

71
Q

who dominates deep sea hydrothermal vents?

A

chemolithotrophic bacteria. Thermo/hyperthermophiles.

chemolithetrophic prokaryotes utilize inorganic materiasl from the vents.

72
Q

how are vent communites supported?

A

based on the PE of reduced chemicals (e-donors)

Microbiology (12 decks)

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