Person to Person Flashcards by Deandra Williams

Name the pathogen modes of transmission

Airborne bacterial/Viral
Direct viral/bacterial
STD

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? important vehicles of transmission of person-person?

Aerosols
-coughing, talking, breathing,
contaminate surfaces/persons

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Sneezes clock in at 100 m/s (200) can in

lots of bacteria and viruses

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Most pathogens survive ? in air

Poorly

Only over short distances, lots of pathogens are gram + so more resistant to drying.

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Major bacterial respirtaotry tract pathogens

Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pneumnoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pertussis

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Which are preventable by vaccination?

Diptheria and whooping cough

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Streptococcus A pyogenes

commonly found in low numbers in upper resp. tract of healthy indv.
causes strept through and inner ear and skin
certain strains carry a bacteriopage that encode endotoxins. such as TSS/Scarlet fever- necrotizing fasciitis

Untreated infections can lead to rheumatic fever

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Streptococcus Pneuooniae

Causative agent of pneumonia
is protected by capsule from immune system
drug resistant strains are common.
Capsular polysaccharide vaccine available
penicillin/erythromycin treatment.

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Measles

(-) strains RNA- paramyxovirus

Formerly common childhood

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Mumps

paramyxovirus (like measles)

effects inflammation salivary glands

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Rubella

(3-day measles/german)

-Caused by ssRNA virus togavirus group

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Colds

Most common- rhinoviruses 
\+ single sense ssRNA virus 
115 diff. strains identified. 
15% of colds - coronaviruses
10% adenoviruses

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Enterovirus D68

Picornavirudae: Group IV + sense ssRNA genome naked nucleocapsid
-1 of >100 non-polio enteroviruses not new but caused nationwide outbreak in 2014.
causes severe illness such as wheezing.

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Influenza

RNA virus of orthomyxovirus group
(-) negative strand ssRNA
8- segments
3 diff types of types

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the most important human pathogen

influenza A

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Viruses bind to cell

glycoproteins and sialic acid sugars on the surfaces of epithelial cells in lungs and throat.

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Why do flu breakouts occur annually.

due to the plasticity of the influenza genome

Usually from recombination of avian and human virus in swine.
1918/2020
H1N1 outbreak 2009
h5n1 gradually on the rise

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Antigenic shift

-Major change in the influenza virus antigen due to genome reassortment.

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Antigenic drift

Minor change in influenza virus antigens to gene mutation; RNA replicase does not proof-read avg
1 mutation per viral genome

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WHO announced how many ? confirmed cases

386 deaths

650

386 deaths

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Explain the mortality
prevention
treatments

Due to secondary bacterial pneumonia infection

immunization/ world surveillance
Use of various drugs tamiflu/ relenza (zanamir)
amantadine (synthetic amine inhibits replication)
more effected when given early

Staphylococcus

gram + cocci; divides into several planes to form irregular clumps

causes acne,boils, impetigo, osteomyelitis, carditis

What strain of staphylococcus causes human disease

S. Aureus

3 virulence factors

Hemolysis
Coagulase
Leukocidin

Certain strains implicated with TSS

Cough, high fever, rash, vomitng | TTST-1 A super anitgen

What causes food poisioing

S. Enterotoxin A (superantigen)

Extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in

selection of resistant strains of s. Aureus

Hepatitis

A liver inflammation caused by vrisues or bacteria | these viruses are diverse (A,B,C)

Hep A

infectous hep causes mild illness oftten fecal-oral transmission Group IV ss+ RNA picoRNAvirus Contamiinated water, oysters, daycare has vaccine available

Hep B

Serum Acute/severe liver disease -Part dsDNA/hepaDNAvirus has vaccine avail

Hep C

Blood contact/ needles No vaccine Group IV flaviviridae (ss+RNA)

What 2 hep are parenteral transmission - blood bodily fluid?

B AND C

Less common forms of Hep?

D, E, G D- coinfection with HepB E- acute, self-limting G- mild or asymptomatic

Vaccines for HEP only avail for ?

A and B

What is ebola caused by? kind of strand? How is it transmitted, where does it come from

Filovirus Neg RNA virus Reservoir is bats- fruit bats

Pathogens from where are exchanged during sex?

From the genitourinary tract

What do BACTERIAL STI's are preventable and treatable

Gonorrhea and syphilis

Gonorrhea

prevalent, asymptomatic in women AKA the clap N. Gonorrheoae (gram neg cocci) mild vaginitis that goes unnoticed, can lead to pelvic inflammation Newborns can get eye infection/blood infection

Syphilis

Low prevalence and very obvious symptoms in women Treponema pallidum T. Pallidum can be transmitted to fetus

What are the symptoms of the clap in males

Painful infection of urethral canal

How many stages of syphillis

What is highly effected for the the first 2 stages of syphillis?

Penecillin

How many people annually get syphilis?

55,400 14,000 P/S DIAGNOSED 72% of new p&s among men having sex with men

Herpes Simplex Virus

Infections are associated with Anogenital region - causes painful blisters on penis of male and cervix - Typically transmitted through sexual contact and active blisters present

Genital herpes

incurable limited number of drugs are succesful in controlling infectious blister stage (acyclovir)

Chlamydia trachomatis

obligate intracellular bacterium - Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) - can cause infertity - eye infection - secondary infection

What can you use to detect chlamydia

gene probe, PCR, ELISA

Trichomoniasis The two key genera refer diplomonads and parabasalids are

NGU may be cases by this (vaginalis) -transmitted via sex, tolet seats, etc asymptomatic in males

Trichomonas is a ?

Parabasalid lack mitochondria and have hydrogenosomes for anaerobic metabolism. Genomes lack introns and are large.

Which HIV is more virulent

HIV-1

What is an opportunistic infection in AIDS patients??

Pneumonia

Explain HIV pathogenesis

HIV infects the cell that contains the CD4 cell surface protein then infection result in Progressive decline in CD4 cells especially CD4 T helper cells and HIV also interacts with co receptors On Target cell