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MCD > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Which virus causes Chickenpox?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

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2
Q

Which virus causes Shingles?

A

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

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3
Q

What is Herpes Zoster another word for?

A

Shingles

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4
Q

What is the active form of acyclovir?

A

Acycloguanosine triose phosphate (acyclo GTP)

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5
Q

Acyclovir derives from which compound?

A

Deoxyguanosine

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6
Q

Deoxyguanosine is changed to acyclovir by which chemical?

A

Thymidine Kinase

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7
Q

Name x3 viruses Acyclovir can be used to treat

A

Herpes Simplex virus,
Epstein Barr virus +
Varicella Zoster virus

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8
Q

What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside?

A

Nucleosides only possess a sugar and a base in their structure. There is no phosphate group.

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9
Q

What is the name for the nucleoside of adenine?

A

Adenosine deoxyadenosine

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10
Q

What is the name for the nucleotide of adenine?

A

Adenylate deoxyadenylate

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11
Q

Define latency

A

The ability to induce life-long infection in a host cell

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12
Q

What is the group name of drugs Acyclovir falls under?

A

Nucleoside analogues

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13
Q

Name two mechanisms by which resistance to acyclovir can occur

A

Viral Thymidine kinase mutation

Viral DNA polymerase mutation

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14
Q

What does Acyclovir do?

A

Inhibits DNA replication

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15
Q

Name x3 Gram positive bacteria

A

Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae and streptococcus pyogenes

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16
Q

Name x3 Gram negative bacteria

A

Escheria Coli, Vibrio Cholerae and Shigella

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17
Q

Name two intracellular bacteria

A

Shigella, Salmonella

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18
Q

Name three extracellular bacteria

A

Streptococcus, staphylococcus and neisseria

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19
Q

What are the three methods for horizontal gene transfer?

A

Conjugation, Transduction and Transformation

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20
Q

What are two differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram positive bacteria stains purple whereas gram negative bacteria stains pink. Gram negative bacteria have an additional membrane with a thinner peptidoglycan layer.

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21
Q

What causes the pink staining in gram negative bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacteria has a thinner peptidoglycan structure meaning that dye is lost.

22
Q

Where is staphylococcus aureus often found?

A

In the nasal cavity and skin

23
Q

Where is the streptococcus species often found?

A

In the mouth

24
Q

Where is Streptococcus group B found?

A

In the small/large intestine and genital tract

25
Q

Name x3 microbes found in the small/ large intestine

A

Escheria Coli, Candida and Streptococcus group B

26
Q

Name a commensal bacteria

A

Lactobacillus

27
Q

Name x3 points of entry for bacteria

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract
  2. Urogenital tract
  3. Gastro-intestinal tract
28
Q

Name x2 upper respiratory tract infections

A

Tonsillitis, sinusitis

29
Q

Name x2 lower respiratory tract infections

A

Pneumonia, bronchitis

30
Q

Define Sepsis

A

Organ dysfunction in response to an infection

31
Q

Name x3 bacteria causing infection in the gastro-intestinal tract

A

Salmonella typhi, Shigella and Escheria Coli

32
Q

Name an example of an opportunistic bacteria

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

33
Q

What is virulence?

A

Features that enhance disease causation

34
Q

Name x5 things that can affect pathogenicity

A
  1. Transmission to host
  2. Replication rate
  3. Toxin production
  4. Tropism
  5. Ability to colonise
35
Q

What does a low infectious dose mean?

A

A lower average amount of bacteria are needed to cause disease e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

36
Q

What bacteria causes tonsillitis?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

37
Q

Name an infection with a high infectious dose

A

Vibrio Cholerae

38
Q

Describe a virulence mechanism by staphylococcus aureus

A

Staphylococcus aureus makes leukocidins which makes holes in host neutrophils and cause neutrophil death

39
Q

What is pus made up of?

A

Dead neutrophils

40
Q

What shape bacteria are E.coli, salmonella and shigella?

A

Gram negative Bacilli shapes (rods)

41
Q

Do opportunistic bacteria have high or low virulence?

A

Low virulence

42
Q

How does the injectisome work?

A

The injectisome allows virulence proteins to move into the cell via the translocase complex. The injectisome causes polymerisation of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane ruffling = allows bacteria in.

43
Q

What are pathogenicity islands?

A

DNA which codes for proteins contributing to virulence by making injectisomes or toxins.

44
Q

How can antibiotics be harmful to normal flora?

A

Antibiotics can kill commensal flora which usually serves as competition for pathogens. This allows pathogens to grow and produce toxins.

45
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Single celled eukaryotes.

46
Q

Are bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes.

47
Q

Are viruses prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

A

NEITHER.

48
Q

HIV, SARS and Influenza are all examples of what?

A

Viruses; obligate and not free-living.

49
Q

x2 differences between viruses and bacteria

A

Virus = plasmid and no organelles. Bacteria = linear DNA + organelles.

50
Q

Candida albicans is under what class group?

A

Fungi

MCD (8 decks)

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