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Microbiology and Immunology 2500 - Virology > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

Homosexual white couples in Africa?

A

sub-type B

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2
Q

Polydnavirus

A

Transferred by a wasp to a caterpillar along with eggs

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3
Q

Picornaviridae poliovirus

A

(+) ssRNA

ready to go

causes paralyzing poliomyelitis, there is currently an outbreak in Syria

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4
Q

How many subunits are in the Norwalk virus?

A

180

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5
Q

Poxviridae variola virus

A

dsDNA (100-370 kbps) and causes the smallpox virus

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6
Q

What is the outer covering of the reovirus?

A

No envelope.

Release at late endosome

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7
Q

HIV-1 subtype in N.A.?

A

B

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8
Q

What is virus shedding?

A

Release of virions from infected individuals

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9
Q

Proviral DNA

A

Integrated into host genome by HIV virus

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10
Q

How many pentamers does Poliovirus have?

A

12 (60 faces in total of 3 proteins each)

Perfectly icosahedral

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11
Q

Two types of flaviridae

A

Dengue virus, West nile

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12
Q

VP1, VP2, VP3

A

capsid proteins of Poliovirus

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13
Q

Outer covering of Influenza?

A

Envelope

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14
Q

Where was the Measles outbreak?

A

Indiana

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15
Q

Env gene

A

encodes glycoproteins gp120 and gp41

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Does ebola have a lipid envelope?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Pol gene

A

integrase, RT, protease to cut polyprotein

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19
Q

What HIV-1 subtype is most prevalent in Africa?

A

C

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20
Q

Polyomaviridae JCV

A

dsDNA (5 kbps)

Infects 80% of north americans, only pathogenic (causing neurodegenerative diseases) if immunodeficient

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21
Q

What are the lentivirus subtypes (3)?

A

HIV-1 and HIV-2

ALSO SIV cpz

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22
Q

What are possible numbers of subunits in a virus with polyhedral symmetry?

A

60, 180, 240, 960

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23
Q

What is tougher, an enveloped or non-enveloped virus?

A

Non-enveloped (likely to be transmitted through the alimentary tract)

enveloped (more likely to be transmitted through aerosols)

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24
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Through the lower alimentary tract (anal intercourse)

also through tears in the urogenital tract.

also through the bloodstream (injections)

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25
Q

Simian 40 virus

A

Round, polyhedral symmetry

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26
Q

Mimivirus

A

Can be seen through a light microscope. Cannot pass through the 0.2 micron filter. Host is the amoeba.

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27
Q

Polyprotein

A

HIV, includes Gag, Pol, and Env

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28
Q

What are the two types of picornaviridae viruses?

A
  1. Poliovirus
  2. Hepatitis A

Both are (+) ssRNA viruses

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29
Q

Pneumocystic pneumoniae (fungal pneumonia)

A

Associated with first cases of AIDS

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30
Q

What is the outer covering of Poliovirus?

A

Icosahedral symmetry with 180 subunits.

60 VP1, 60 VP2, 60 VP3.

VP1 recognizes the host cell receptor. It inserts the hydrophobic 3’ N-terminus into the host, forming a channel that allows release of the genome at the plasma membrane.

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31
Q

Measles virus

A

Helical symmetry with a nucleocapsid that interacts with the host genome

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32
Q

What shape is an HIV protamer?

A

Hexagon - 6 subunits per protamer

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33
Q

What is SU?

A

gp120 - the surface protein of HIV

binds CD4

then binds CCR5

then gp41 inserts into membrane

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34
Q

Hepadnavirus hepatitis B

A

Gapped dsDNA

USES VIRAL ASSOCIATED DNAP to fill in the gaps (or reverse transcriptase in cases)

Sexually transmitted

100x more infectious than HIV-1

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35
Q

When was the first documented case of AIDS?

A

Early 80s

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36
Q

Parvoviridae parvovirus

A

ssDNA

uses host enzymes

causes infections of the hematopoietic system, intestinal system, and fetus in animals (cats and puppies)

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37
Q

Retroviridae HIV

A

(+) ssRNA converted to dsDNA, integrated into genome, then dsDNA is transcribed into mRNA, etc.

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38
Q

Adenovirus adenoviridae

A

dsDNA (36 kbps)

Causes respiratory and GI infections

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39
Q

Name a quasispecies

Name a virus that shows quasiequivalence

A
  1. HIV due to RT
  2. Norwalk virus
40
Q

Herpesviridae

A

All people are infected. Kissing disease.

Emporer Tiberius. To creep or to crawl.

Transported into the nucleus through microtubules

41
Q

Does poliovirus have a lipid envelope?

A

No

42
Q

Reovirus

A

released at the late endosome. Not enveloped.

43
Q

How is hep A transmitted?

A

Upper alimentary tract

44
Q

What is the flaviridae dengue virus?

A

a tropical fever transmitted by mosquitos.

Genome is released at the late endosome

45
Q

Filoviridae ebola

A

(-)ssRNA uses L protein to transcribe into (+)ssRNA

Last outbreak was in 2014

46
Q

karposi sarcoma

A

rare form of cancer associated with AIDS

47
Q

Gag gene

A

synthesizes capsid, nucleocapside, p24

48
Q

What viruses release their genome at the plasma membrane? (2)

A

Poliovirus and HIV

49
Q

What is TM?

A

fusion protein in HIV: gp41

50
Q

Norwalk virus

A

quasiequivalent polyhedron - loss of 5-fold axis of symmetry

51
Q

Mark Weinberg, 2000

A

Brought HAART to more people in Africa

52
Q

Flaviridae WNV

A

RNA virus, enveloped.

80% are asymptomatic (INAPPARENT), 20% are symptomatic with wild symptoms.

1% have deadly neuroinvasive symptoms causing encephalitis

Which is deadly.

Even if asymptomatic and infection is inapparent, transmission can occur.

Transmitted on a plane. Known by gene sequencing because

Israel WNV was very similar on a phylogenetic tree.

53
Q

Reoviridae rotavirus

A

dsRNA (which must be transcribed into two copies of positive ss mRNA)

infects 4/5 children in the first 5 years of life

most important cause of gastroenteritis worldwide

most common cause of infantile death in third world countries

54
Q

What class of virus is most likely to be transmitted by fomites?

A

Non-enveloped virus

55
Q

How big is the HIV genome?

A

7-10 kb

56
Q

What percentage of Africans are infected with HIV?

A

1/4

57
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

Glycoprotein found on orthomyxoviridae influenza, which recognizes host receptor sialic acid

58
Q

What is a virus spread by skin-to-skin contact?

A

Herpes gladitorum

59
Q

Name viruses that begin as (+)ssRNA ready for translation (4).

A
  1. Picornaviridae polioviris
  2. picornaviridae hepatitis A
  3. HIV
  4. West Nile Virus
60
Q

Paramyxoviridae Measles

A
  • has a cell envelope
  • helical symmetry (nucleocapsid)
  • releases @ plasma membrane with cell envelope glycoproteins!
61
Q

What is CA?

A

p24 - the capsid protein of HIV

62
Q
A
63
Q

Name some viruses transmitted through aerosols in the respiratory system (3).

A
  1. Measles virus
  2. Rhinovirus (common cold)
  3. Influenza (avian and human)
64
Q

Negative staining

A

Used in EM - background is stained, specimen is not

65
Q

Why does HIV have so many mutations?

A

Reverse transcriptase lacks exonuclease activity and cannot fix mistakes. 1-10 nucleotide errors per synthesis!

66
Q

Mousepox

A

Fenner experiment

67
Q

Vesicular stomatitis virus

A

Helical symmetry

68
Q
A
69
Q

NPC1

A

Cathepsins break down the ebola capsid. NPC1 cholesterol transporter in the LE in Ebola is important for the release of the genome.

70
Q

How many people are infected with AIDS? How many have died? Where is it concentrated to?

A

39 million

31 million

24 million in sub-saharan africa

71
Q

Rous Sarcoma Virus

A

Forms foci, therefore a transformation assay can be used to detect infectivity

72
Q

How many proteins are on the HIV capsid?

A

1500

73
Q

What/when was the first virus discovered, first animal virus discovered, and first human virus discovered?

A
  1. 1800s - TMV
  2. 1898 - virus causing foot and mouth disease in animals - Loeffler and Frosch - larger and filterable
  3. 1901 - YFV
74
Q

Yellow fever virus

A

transmitted by mosquitos. doctors inoculated each other with infected mosquitos in 1901. The first human virus.

75
Q

Where are 2-6 sialic acid linkages found in humans? 2-3?

A

in the upper and lower respiratory tract. 2-3 is found in the lower respiratory tract.

76
Q

What viruses release their genomes from the late endosome?

A

Reovirus

Ebola (NPC1)

Dengue virus (flaviridae)

77
Q

What is the outer covering of the Ebola virus?

A

Envelope. Therefore there are glycoproteins.

Nucleocapsids with VP24, VP35, VP30 as nucleoproteins

Released at LE

78
Q

Through what tract is reovirus transmitted through?

A

The upper alimentary tract

79
Q

Paramyxoviridae

A

(-) ssRNA like in Ebola

80
Q

What was the first transmission of SIV/HIV to humans thought to have been?

A

subtype M

81
Q

What is the outer covering of HIV like?

A

1,500 proteins

enveloped, has glycoproteins gp120, gp41

conical nucleocapsid, p24

82
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus

A

Helical symmetry, rod-shaped

83
Q

Hepatitis A

A

A part of the picornaviridae class

90s in early february in Puglia, Italy. Every february 40% of poeple got sick with liver damage and jaundice. Ate raw oysters annually on NYE. Fishermen excreted the virus into the water in Puglia. Oysters became infected.

84
Q

Orthmyoxoviridae

A

(-) ssRNA (like ebola)

85
Q

What are cathepsins involved in?

A

Release of non-enveloped viruses at the late endosome

cysteine proteases

86
Q

How frequently is HIV transmitted during a coital act?

A

1/1000 times

87
Q

Heterosexual black couples in Africa?

A

C

88
Q

Outer covering of WNV?

A

Envelope

(also nucleocapsid and (+)ssRNA genome)

89
Q

How does integrase works?

A

Removes two terminal 3’ nucleotides on either strand of dsDNA (proviral). 3’ OHs are integrated into a break in the host genome

90
Q

What is the Curvularia thermotolerance virus?

A

Dichanthelium lagunosinum

91
Q

What is the pH of the skin?

A

5.5

92
Q

Lentivirus

A

A subtype of retroviridae HIV, HIV-1 and HIV-2

93
Q

VP24, VP30, VP35

A

Found in the ebola nucleocapsid, helical symmetry

94
Q
A
95
Q

What is an icosahedron?

A

A solid with 20 faces

Microbiology and Immunology 2500 - Virology (12 decks)

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