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Microbiology and Immunology 2500 - Virology > Parasitology I > Flashcards

Parasitology I Flashcards

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1
Q

Enteric protozoa. What are the infective and active forms? Where can they be acquired from and when?

A

Found in our gut due to contaminated food or water. Not normal flora.

Cysts are the infective form - smaller, stable, can be transmitted.

Trophoziotes are the active form - cause symptoms.

Acquired from foreign travel and domestic camping. Long incubation period.

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2
Q

How are enteric protozoa diagnosed?

A

Stool tests. 3 to 5 stool specimens must be negative to rule it out.

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3
Q

Is a protozoa a euk or prok?

A

Euk, unicellular

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4
Q

What is most likely to cause traveller’s diarrhea?

When is the exception to this?

A
  1. Bacteria (85%)
  2. Parasitic (5-15%)
  3. Viral (<5%)

HOWEVER: if a bunch of people on a trip get diarrhea all at once, it is more likely that it is viral.

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5
Q

What are the three most common causes of traveller’s diarrhea? Which of the three is the most common?

A
  1. Giardia intestinalis (most common)
  2. entamoeba histolytica
  3. dientamoeba fragilis
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6
Q

What type of enteric protozoa is also known as “beaver fever”?

A

Giardia intestinalis (lamblia). Has very small cysts. Non-invasive. Resistant to chlorination, iodination is more effective. Residual lactose intolerance.

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7
Q

What is interesting about Dientamoeba fragila?

A

There is no cyst form. Only a trophozoite form. How is it infectious? By transmission on pinworm eggs. All people have had this before. 4 “teardrops” together in the cell. Non-invasive. Foul smelling.

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8
Q

What is a key symprtom of entamoeba histolytica?

A

Nondysenteric - alternating constipation and diarrhea. Invasive and may lead to systemic spread, causing amebiasis (colon ulceration). This can cause systemic spread to the liver, brain and lungs. NOT foul smelling. amoeba sera test = positive.

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9
Q

Cryptosporidium parvum.

A

Non-travel associated enteric protozoa. Very very infectious. Only 10 oocytes needed. Farm run-off, swimming pools, and splash parks. Found in animals and birds. Self-limiting unless immunocompromised. 10-20 bowel movements per day for the rest of your life. Stains acid-fast.

OOCYSTS

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10
Q

Cyclospora cayetanensis

A

Non-travel associated enteric protozoa. Associated with imported fruits from tropical locations. Long symptoms. Stains acid-fast.

OOCYSTS

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11
Q

What percentage of people with malaria will die?

A

1/3

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12
Q

What are the five types of enteric protozoa?

A

TRAVEL ASSOCIATED

  1. giardia intestinalis
  2. entamoeba hystolitica
  3. dientamoeba fragila

NON-TRAVEL ASSOCIATED

  1. Cryptosporidium hominis and parvum
  2. Cyclospora cayetenensis
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13
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

Anopholes species. Much larger than regular mosquitos. Bite at a 45 degree angle with lifted rear legs. Dusk to dawn biters. Attracted to heat and carbon dioxide. Only females bite, only females sing. Need a blood meal to reproduce. Fill by blood pressure.

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14
Q

What causes the periodicity of the fever in malaria?

A

48-72 hour fever that occurs like clockwork. This cycle is caused by a mosquito regurgitating saliva into the human bloodstream. Enters the liver quickly. Forms a schizont (cyst full of merozoites). Merozoites are released and infect RBCs, feeding on heme. Go through a cycle that keeps forming schizonts and subsequent merozoites.

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15
Q

What is the definitive host of Malaria?

A

An anopheles mosquito (reproduces there sexually = better)

Human is an “accidental host” (reproduces asexually = not better)

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16
Q

What are the five species of plasmodium? What do they cause?

A
  1. Plasmodium malariae
  2. Plasmodium knowlesi
  3. Plasmodium falciparum
  4. Plasmodium vivax
  5. Plasmodium ovale

They all cause malaria

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17
Q

P. vivax

A

Schüfners stippling, granular cells. Prefers young RBCs. The red blood cell becomes grossly enlarged.

Does not make “little delicate rings” instead big blobby amoeboe forms of the parasite.

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18
Q

What is characteristic about P. falciparum?

A

Delicate ring forms. The uninfected red blood cells are normal in size and texture.

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19
Q

How can you protect yourself from malaria?

A

Deet repellent, bednets, screens and air conditioners, anti-malarial medications

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20
Q

How do mosquito repellents work?

A

Not by smell. Forms a film on the skin that penetrates cuticle (skeleton). Confuses mosquito so they forget why they landed. They leave without biting.

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21
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

Many people are infected but asymptomatic. Can cause myocarditis (sudden death). NEONATAL INFECTIONS: Occasionally encephalitis, hydrocephalitis,

microcephaly (no frontal cortex development).

IN IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS: retinochorioditis

Raw meat. only tachyzoite form is active.

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22
Q

How are taxoplasma gondii infections acquired?

A

By consumption of raw meat

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23
Q

What can cause retinochoroidits in immunocompromised individuals?

A

Toxoplasma gondii, tachyzoite grows in the back of the eye and causes blindness

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24
Q

What are the two types of toxoplasma gondii?

A
  1. Bradyzoite - slow-growing and cystic
  2. Tachyzoite - fast-growing - active form that produces inflammation and tissue damage
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25
Q

How can toxoplasma gondii affect the frontal lobes?

A

By causing increased ventricle size and cysts of the frontal lobes, affecting motivation and anxiety. hydrocephalitis or encephalitis

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26
Q

What is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii?

A

The house cat, the ones that go outside and hunt raw meat. Stale cat feces are the hazards because the ova takes time to embryonate.

Pregnant women should be careful.

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27
Q

Also known as “sandfly fever” as the vector is a sandfly.

A

Leishmaniasis - sandflies are the vectors

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28
Q

How can you differentiate a sandfly from a mosquito?

A

They are smaller, and they fold their wings above them. Mosquitos fold their wings on their back. Hover at ground level.

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29
Q

What does a sandfly inoculate with Leishmaniasis?

A

Promastigotes, which transform into amastigotes in the cells of the Reticular Endothelial System (bone marrow, spleen and liver)

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30
Q

What makes up the RES?

A

the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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31
Q

What are the three different types of Leishmaniasis?

A

L. tropica = cutaneous, Baghdad boil

L. braziliensis = subcutaneous

L. donavani = visceral = Kala azar

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32
Q

What is the cutaneous form of Leishmaniasis?

A

L. tropica - “Baghdad” sores, may also look like leprosy

PUNCHED OUT leg ulcers

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33
Q

What is the mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis?

A

L. braziliensis - causes chiclero ulcers, and deterioration of the nasal septum

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34
Q

What may present as “punched out ulcers” or like leprosy?

A

Baghdad sores on lower legs from Leishmaniasis tropica - cutaneous

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35
Q

What causes kala azar?

A

Leishmaniasis donavani - visceral

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36
Q

What may cause chiclera ulcers?

A

Mucocutaneous L. braziliensis

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37
Q

What may cause deterioration of the nasal septum?

A

mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis braziliensis known as espundia

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38
Q

What are the three stages of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis braziliensis?

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Cicatrical (think chicklets) - causes scarring
  3. mucocutaneous espundia - deterioration of the nasal septum
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39
Q

Why does mucocutaneous leishmaniasis appear on the face and neck?

A

Harvesting chickle sap

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40
Q

What disease is the “great imitator”?

A

Syphilus

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41
Q

What happens in kala azar?

A

Visceral organs are infected. Infects RES. Spleen enlargement

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42
Q

What are the two types of trypanosomiasis?

A

T. cruzi (S.A. - chagas disease)

T. brucei (African - sleeping sickness)

from Pangaea splitting

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43
Q

What is the S.A. trypanosomiasis?

A

Chagas disease, caused by T. cruzi

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44
Q

What is the African trypanosomiasis?

A

T. brucei - sleeping sickness

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45
Q

What causes the 3 Cs?

A

From Chagas disease (Trypanosomiasis cruzi)

  1. Chagus
  2. Cruzi
  3. C-shaped
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46
Q

How is chagas disease transmitted?

A

Kissing bug - defecate when they bite around the eyes, gets rubbed in causing disease

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47
Q

Does chagas disease infect the RES?

A

NO! Heart and digestive system

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48
Q

What causes chagas disease?

A

Trypsonomiasis

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49
Q

Causes organomegaly

A

Leishmaniasis donovani - visceral - kala azar

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50
Q
A
51
Q

Compare and contrast Chagas disease (Trypanosomiasis cruzi) and Sleeping sickness (Trypanosomiasis brucei).

A

T. cruzi - chagas disease - kissing buds - NOT RES - c-shapes

T. brucei - sleeping sickness - tsetse flies - RES - some c-shapes

52
Q

What is transmitted by the tsetse fly?

A

T. brucei

53
Q

What is transmitted by the kissing bug?

A

T. cruzi

54
Q

How can a tsetse fly be depicted?

A

With a “hatchet wing”

55
Q

What is the main symptom of sleeping sickness?

A

Enlarged posterior lymph nodes. Winterbottom’s sign.

56
Q
A
57
Q

Naeglari fowleri

A

A free living amoebae, the most infectious.

Free living amoeba can be found in warm, fresh water. Common in snorkelers.

Causes meningitis, and are almost always fatal.

58
Q

Free living ameboe

A

Neglaria fowleri

acunthamoeba

balamuthia mandrillaris

sappinia pedata

59
Q
A
60
Q

What is another name for a roundworm?

A

Nematode

61
Q

What is a tapeworm shape?

A

Cestode - segmented and flat, constructed of proglotid segments

62
Q

What is a fluke’s shape?

A

An unsegmented flatworm

63
Q

Posterior lymphadenopathy

A

Sleeping sickness caused by T. brucie

64
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Intestinal nematode. Pinworm. Very common in children in lower intestine.

Migrate out at night to lay eggs on anal skin. Use tape to see ova in the morning.

OVA = round on one side, flat on the other

Most common nematode infection in North America.

Transmission by getting caught unfer fingernails after scratching.

65
Q

What is the most common nematode in North America?

A

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

66
Q

What percentage of children are infected by enteriobius vermicularis (pinworm)?

A

30%

67
Q

What are the 3 soil transmitted helminths?

A

Intestinal nematodes.

Ascarius

Hookwork

Whipworm

68
Q

Ascarius (intestinal)

A

Soil intestinal helminth nematode.

Very very HUGE.

Exist as male and female in the intestines. Sometimes - no eggs! No females. Usually large amount of eggs in stools. 2-3 embyonation in soil.

Can emerge from nose or anus, but are usually asymptomatic. Can potentially obstruct bile duct.

Upper small intestine. Can migrate to the lungs (pulmonary).

69
Q

Where do pinworms embryonate?

A

On the perianal skin at night

70
Q

Where does ascariasis embryonate?

A

Soil, 2-3 weeks

71
Q

Ascariasis (pulmonary)

A

Coughing up blood, eosinophilia

72
Q

What might a high concentration of eosinophils indicate?

A

Pulmonary ascariasis

73
Q

What was anaphylaxis thought to have arisen from?

A

Reaction to clear intestinal worms

74
Q

Whipworm

A

Soil, intestinal nematode

HEAVY INFECTION: bowl prolapse in young children. Dysentery. Blood loss in stool.

Trichuris dysentery syndrome: Anemia, finger clubbing, growth stunting

75
Q

Hookworms

A

Soil embryo, intestinal nematode helminth.

20% of word infected. They suck blood. Some people consider them normal flora. Very small.

risk factor is barefoot walking, penetrate intact skin. migrate into lungs, coughed up, swallowed, migrate into gut.

Ground itch.

Cutaneous larva migrans. very itchy feet due to migrating larva.

76
Q

Risk factor of hookworm

A

Barefoot walking where a human, cat or dog has excreted a hookworm larva.

77
Q

Helminth nematodes that pass through intact skin

A

Hookworm

Threadworm (strongyloides)

78
Q

What is the only helminth that can reproduce in the body?

A

Threadworm (strongyloides)

79
Q

Threadworm strongyloides

A

Can reproduce in the body

Can pass through intact skin

Harmful if immunocompromised

INTESTINAL, PULMONARY (very bad if immunocompromised), chronic skin (like hookworm), HYPERINFECTION SYNDROME (immunocompromised)

80
Q

Raw fish worm (sashimi)

A

Anisakis

81
Q

What is the risk factor for anisaki?

A

Raw fish

82
Q

Anisaki

A

Raw fish

extreme stomach pains

83
Q

What are the intestinal nematodes?

A

pinworm

ascaris

whipworm

hookworm

strongiloides (threadworm)

anisakis

84
Q

What are the tissue nematodes?

A

trichinella spiralis

guinea worm

filariasis

85
Q

trichinella spiralis

A

spiral shape

undercooked pork (why it’s banned by muslims and jews)

achy muscles, periorbital edema (swollen eyes)

86
Q

What does undercooked walrus, cougar jerkey, or pork give you?

A

Trichinella spiralis tissue helminth nematode

87
Q

What are the 3 filarial nematodes?

A
  1. subcutaneous filiarasis
  2. lypmphatic filiarasis
  3. serous cavity filiarasis

named by the occupied body cavity

88
Q

subcutaneous filariasis - river blindness

A

second most common cause of blindness worldwide

transmitted by blackfiles (larvae)

adults develop in subcutaneous nodules

migrate to skin in daylight (chronic skin problems)

MIGRATE TO CORNEA

may be microfilaria which migrate EVERYWHERE (including the cornea)

89
Q

What is transmitted by the blackfly?

A

subcutaneous filariasis, river blindness (onchocerca)

90
Q

What is loa loa?

A

African eye worm (subcutaneous nematode)

91
Q

Guinea worm

A

Subcutaneous, probably extinct now - use coffee filter when drinking water.

3 feet long!!! live in nodules of the lower legs. larvae are eaten by copepods, barely visible. People drink water. They migrate to the legs.

second eradicated human disease (small pox too)

92
Q

What is the second eradicated human disease?

A

The guinea worm

93
Q

Wucheria

A

Elephantiasis (lymphatic filiarasis)

mosquito acquired, blockage of lymph vesels

94
Q

What innoculates promastigotes and makes them transform into amastigotes?

A

Leishmaniasis

95
Q

Brady and tachyzoite

A

toxoplama

96
Q

what has ova that are round on one side and flat on the other?

A

pinworm

97
Q

periorbital edema

A

trichinella spiralis

98
Q

winterbottoms sign

A

t. brucei sleeping sickness

99
Q

What is the only helminth that can reproduce in the body?

A

Threadworm (male and female forms in the body)

100
Q

How is filiarasis acquired?

A

Mosquitos

101
Q
A
102
Q

onchocerca

A

river blindness (filiarasis - subcutaneous)

103
Q

wucheria

A

elephantiasis, lymphatic filiarasis

104
Q

Two types of serous cavity filiarasis tissue nematides?

A

mansonella

105
Q

Both male and female worms

A

Acarius

106
Q

Rectal prolapse

A

Whipworm

107
Q

Clubbed hands and growth stunting

A

threadworm

108
Q

nocturnal pruitis

A

pinworm

109
Q

trichius dysentery syndrome

A

=clubbed fingers

whipworm

110
Q

barefoot walking

A

hookworms

although threadworm can invade intact skin as well

111
Q

cutaneous larvae migrans

A

hookworm

112
Q

only helminth that can reproduce in the body

A

threadworm

113
Q
A
114
Q

sashimi

A

anisakis

115
Q

undercooked pork, walrus, cougar jerky

A

trichonella spiralis

116
Q

prohibition of pork eating

A

trichonella spiralis

117
Q

periorbital edema

A

trichonella spiralis

118
Q

transmitted by blackflies

A

onchocerca

119
Q

river blindness

A

onchocerca

120
Q

copepods

A

guinea worm

121
Q

how is wucheria acquired?

A

=lymphatic filiaris

acquired by mosquitos - elephantiasis

122
Q

most common cestode

A

dwarf tapeworm

123
Q

not an obligatory human parasite

A

dwarf tapeworm

124
Q

not

A

Microbiology and Immunology 2500 - Virology (12 decks)

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