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Step 1 Micro > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Live Vaccines

A 
Smallpox
Yellow Fever
Chickenpox
Sabin's polio
MMR
Influenza (intranasal)
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2
Q

Killed Vaccine

A

Rabies
Influenza (injected)
Salk polio
HAV

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3
Q

Positive-strand RNA viruses

A 
Retrovirus
Togavirus
Falvivirus
Coronavirus
Hepevirus
Calicivirus
Picornavirus
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4
Q

Naked viral genome infectivity

A 
all dsDNA (except pox and HBV)
(+) strand ssRNA
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5
Q

Viral replication - DNA viruses

A

all in nucleus (except pox)

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6
Q

Viral replication - RNA viruses

A

all in cytoplasm (expect influenza and retro)

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7
Q

Naked viruses

A 
Papillomavirus
Adenovirus
Picornavirus
Polyomavirus
Calcivirus
Parvovirus
Reovirus
Hepevirus
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8
Q

HSV-1

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear

gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, temporal lobe encephalities (most common cause in US); herpes labialis

latent in trigeminal ganglia

Transmission: respiratory secretions, saliva

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9
Q

HSV-2

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear

herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes

latent in sacral ganglia

Transmission: sexual contact, perinatal

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10
Q

VZV

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear

chickenpox, shingles, encephalitis, pneumonia

latent in dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia

Transmission: respiratory secretions

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11
Q

EBV

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear

infectious mono-
infects B cells –> fever, HSM, pharyngitis, and lymphadenopathy (posterior cervical nodes)
Peak incidence - 15-20 years
Atypical lymphocytes = cytotoxic T cells

Burkitt’s/Hodgkin’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

latent in B cells

Transmission: respiratory secretions, saliva

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12
Q

CMV

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear

congenital infection, mono (negative monospot), pneumonia, retinitis

“owl’s eye” inclusions

latent in mononuclear cells

Transmission: congenital, transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant

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13
Q

HHV-6

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear

Roseola: high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by diffuse macular rash

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14
Q

HHV-8

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear

Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV patients)

Transmission: sexual contact

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15
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

enveloped, dsDNA and partial circular

HBV -
acute or chronic hepatitis
vaccine available (contains surface antigen)
has reverse transcriptase

Transmission: parenteral, sexual, maternal-fetal; has carrier state

long incubation (months); increased risk of HCC (integrates into host genome –> oncogene)

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16
Q

Adenovirus

A

naked dsDNA and linear

febrile pharyngitis - sore throat; acute hemorrhagic cystitis
pneumonia
conjuncitivitis (“pink eye”)

17
Q

Parvovirus

A

naked ssDNA and linear (-) (smallest)

B19-
aplastic crisis in sickle cell

“slapped cheeks” rash in children - erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

RBC destruction in fetus –> hydrops fetalis and death

pure RBC aplasia and RA-like symptoms in adults

18
Q

Papillomavirus

A

naked, dsDNA and circular

HPV-
warts (1, 2, 6, 11)
CIN
cervical cancer (16, 18, 31, 33)
vaccine available
19
Q

Polyomavirus

A

naked, dsDNA and circular

JC virus - progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV

BK virus - transplant patients, commonly targets kidneys

20
Q

Poxvirus

A

enveloped, dsDNA and linear (largest)

smallpox, although eradicated, could beused in germ warfare

Vaccinia - cow pox (“milkmaid’s blisters”)

Molluscum contagiosum - flesh colored dome lesion with central dimple

21
Q

Reovirus

A

naked, dsRNA linear (10-12 segments), icosahedral

coltivirus - Colorado tick fever

rotavirus - #1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children

  • acute diarrhea in US during winter, especially in daycares
  • villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na and loss of K

CDC recommends routine vaccination of all infants

22
Q

Picornaviruses

A

naked, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

PERCH
poliovirus
echovirus - aseptic meningitis
rhinovirus - common cold (acid labile - no GI infection)
coxsackievirus - aseptic meningitis; herpangina (mouth blisters, fever); hand, foot, and mouth disease; myocarditis
HAV - acute viral hepatitis

RNA is tranlated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins

all expect rhinovirus and HAV cause aseptic meningitis
all expect rhinovirus have fecal-oral transmission

23
Q

Hepevirus

A

naked, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

HEV-
Transmission - fecal-oral, especially with waterborne epimedics

no carrier state, short incubation period, no increased risk for HCC

high mortality in pregnant women

24
Q

Caliciviruses

A

naked, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

norovirus - viral gastroenteritis

25
Q

Flaviviruses

A

enveloped, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

HCV
Yellow fever
Dengue
St. Louis encephalitis
West Nile virus
26
Q

Yellow fever

A

enveloped, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes (monkey and human reservoirs)

Symptoms: high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice

27
Q

HAV

A

naked, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

Transmission: fecal-oral

no carrier state; short incubation; no increased risk for HCC

usually asymptomatic, acute, alone (no carriers)

28
Q

HCV

A

enveloped, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

Transmission: primarily blood, IVDU, post-transfusion

carrier state, long incubation

increases risk for HCC (chronic inflammation)

chronic, cirrhosis, carcinoma, carrier

29
Q

Arboviruses

A 
coltivirus
yellow fever
dengue
St. Louis encephalitis
West Nile virus
Eastern equine encephalitis
Western equine encephalitis
30
Q

Rubella

A

togavirus

enveloped, ssRNA (+) linear, icosahedral

German measles (3 day)

fever, postauricular adenopathy, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias

fine truncal rash that starts at head and moves down

mild disease in children, but serious congenital infection

31
Q

Retrovirus

A

enveloped, ssRNA (+) linear,

HTLV (icosahedral) - T-cell leukemia

HIV (complex and conical) - AIDS

32
Q

Influenza

A

orthomyxovirus

enveloped, ssRNA (-) linear (8 segments), helical

hemagglutinin - promotes viral entry
neuraminidase - promotes progeny virion release

patients at risk for bacterial superinfection (S. pneumoniae, S. areus, H. influenzae)

33
Q

Paramyxoviruses

A

enveloped, ssRNA (-) linear, helical

Parainfluenza - croup
RSV - bronchiolitis in babies; Rx - ribavirin
Measles, Mumps

contain surface F (fusion) protein, causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells

Palivizumab (antibody against F protein) prevents pneumonia caused by RSV infection in premature infants

34
Q

Measles

A

paramyxovirus

enveloped, ssRNA (-) linear, helical

Characteristics: Koplik spots (red spots with blue-white center on buccal mucosa) and descending maculopapular rash

rash appears last - spreads from head to toe (includes hands and feet)

Sequelae: SSPE (years later), encephalitis (1:2000), giant cell pneumonia (rarely, in immunosuppressed)

3 C’s: cough, coryza, conjunctivitis

35
Q

Mumps

A

paramyxovirus

enveloped, ssRNA (-) linear, helical

Symptoms: parotitis, orchitis, aseptic meningitis

can cause sterility (especially after puberty)

36
Q

Rabies

A

rhabdoviruses

enveloped, ssRNA (-) linear, helical

bullet-shaped virus

Negri bodies are characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons (commonly in Purkinje cells of cerebellum)

long incubation period (weeks to months) before symptoms onset

Progression: fever, malaise –> agitation, photophobia, hydrophobia –> paralysis, coma –> death

most commonly from bat, raccoon, and skunk than dog bites

Postexposure treatment: would cleansing and vaccination +/- rabies immune globulin

37
Q

HIV

A

enveloped, ssRNA (+) linear,

diploid genome (2 molecules of RNA)

3 structural proteins:
env (gp120 and gp41)
---formed from cleavage of gp160 to form envelope proteins
---gp120 - attachment to host CD4 T cell
---gp41 - fusion and entry

gag (p24) - capsid protein

pol - RT (dsDNA from RNA), aspartate protease, integrase

virus binds CCR5 (early) or CXCR4 (late) co-receptor and CD4 on T cells; CD4 and CCR5 on macrophages

Step 1 Micro (9 decks)

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