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MF2 Final study > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

Obligate intracellular parasites lacking the capacity to make energy or substrates

A

Viruses

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2
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

By assembly of parts
NOT binary fission

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3
Q

The basic structure of a virus is nucleic acid surrounded by a _____ coat

A

Protein coat

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4
Q

Is viral nucleic acid circular or linear?

A

Can be either

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5
Q

Outer protein coat of viruses made of capsomeres (subunits forming pentons and hexons)

A

Capsid

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6
Q

The viral capsid is an outer protein coat made of these

A

Capsomeres (subunits forming pentons and hexons)

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7
Q

What gives viruses their shape?

A

Capsid

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8
Q

Viral architecture that is resistant to drying, acid, detergents, and bile

A

Capsid

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9
Q

Protein coat with the nucleic acid inside

A

Nucleocapsid

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10
Q

Lipid membrane acquired from a host cell membrane through budding
Susceptible to organic solvents

A

Envelope

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11
Q

The viral envelope is susceptible to this

A

Organic solvents

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12
Q

The viral envelope is this

A

Lipid membrane acquired from host cell membrane through budding

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13
Q

The space between the capsid and the envelope

A

Tegument

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14
Q

The tegument is the space between these

A

Capsid and envelope

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15
Q

Are host proteins found in isolated enveloped viruses?

A

No

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16
Q

These can associate with the glycoproteins in the viral envelope to localize capsid formation to the appropriate location

A

Viral matrix proteins

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17
Q

What localizes viral capsid formation to the appropriate location?

A

Viral matrix proteins that associate with glycoproteins in the envelopes

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18
Q

Complete infectious virus particle

A

Virion

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19
Q

For naked viruses, this is the virion

A

Nucleocapsid

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20
Q

For enveloped viruses, this is the virion

A

Nucleocapsid with the envelope

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21
Q

6 stages of the lytic replication cycle for animal viruses

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration and uncoating
  3. Targeting to the site of reproduction
  4. Synthesis (txn and tln)
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
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22
Q

2 enzymes required for some viruses that are not found in human cells

A

RNA-dependent DNA pol (make DNA from RNA)
RNA-dependent RNA pol (make RNA from RNA)

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23
Q

Do DNA viruses require extra enzymes not found in the host?

A

No; just use host enzymes

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24
Q

In the early phase of viral genome replication, these products are made first

A

Early gene products: non-structural proteins
Viral polymerases and regulatory molecules needed for further replication

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25
Q

In the late phase of viral genome replication, these products are made

A

Structural proteins, mainly capsid proteins
Genome replication triggers this step

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26
Q

What type of host cells are required for viral genomic replication and expression?

A

Rapidly growing host cells

27
Q

Do small or large viruses typically use host polymerases?

A

Small

28
Q

Do small or large viruses typically encode their own polymerases?

A

Large

29
Q

Type of virus that can be directly translated by host cell machinery to make virus proteins

A

+ssRNA

30
Q

All RNA viruses except retroviruses require this enzyme for genome replication

A

RNA-dependent RNA pol

31
Q

3 types of viruses that require their own RNA-dependent RNA pol

A

+ssRNA, -ssRNA, and dsRNA

32
Q

Type of virus that must encode an RNA-dependent RNA pol that is packaged in the capsid

A

-ssRNA

33
Q

Difference in polymerase requirements between +ssRNA and -ssRNA viruses

A

Both require their own RNA-dep RNA pol, however -ssRNA must have it packaged in the capsid

34
Q

Type of RNA virus that can be directly translated

A

+ssRNA

35
Q

A retrovirus virion contains these 3 things

A

2 identical +ssRNA molecules
2 tRNA molecules
Reverse transcriptase (RNA-dep DNA pol)

36
Q

How does reverse transcriptase replicate retroviral genome?

A

Produces cDNA copy of the RNA genome in the cytoplasm
cDNA enters the nucleus and integrates into the host genome
Host txn makes viral mRNAs from the integrated cDNA template

37
Q

Reverse transcriptase produces cDNA from the viral RNA genome in this intracellular location

A

Cytoplasm
cDNA then enters the nucleus and integrates into the host genome

38
Q

When does viral assembly begin?

A

Begins when viral “pieces” reach a high enough concentration to induce self assembly

39
Q

Scaffolding proteins may be involved in this step of viral replication

A

Assembly

40
Q

DNA viruses assemble in this intracellular location

A

Nucleus

41
Q

RNA viruses assemble in this intracellular location

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

Type of viruses that assemble in the nucleus

A

DNA

43
Q

Type of viruses that assemble in the cytoplasm

A

RNA

44
Q

Step of viral replication where enveloped viruses acquire the lipid membrane in a process known as budding

A

Release

45
Q

Enveloped viruses acquire the lipid membrane during release in a process known as this

A

Budding

46
Q

Budding (process where enveloped viruses acquire the lipid membrane) can occur in these 4 cellular locations

A

Plasma membrane
Nuclear membrane
ER
Golgi

47
Q

Viruses cause pathologic effects, called cytopathic effect, by these 4 mechanisms

A

Lysis
Vacuolization
Inclusion bodies
Cell fusion (syncytia)

48
Q

Viral infections that fail to produce any symptoms in the host are called:

A

Inapparent or subclinical

49
Q

2 components of viruses that can be identified in cytologic examination

A

Syncytia and inclusion bodies

50
Q

Laboratory diagnosis method:
May not be a standard clinical laboratory technique but can be used to detect and identify a virus

A

Electron microscopy

51
Q

Laboratory diagnosis method:
Is usually unnecessary and avoided to reduce the risk to laboratory personnel

A

Virus isolation

52
Q

In serology, a ______ -fold increase in antibody titer is needed between acute phase and convalescent sera

A

4 fold increase

53
Q

Detection of this Ab is likely an active acute infection

A

IgM

54
Q

Proteinaceous infectious agent, linked to a number of fatal human diseases

A

Prion

55
Q

Prions cause this

A

Brain degeneration
Brain tissue develops sponge-like holes termed transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Symptoms may not appear for years after infection (slow infection)

56
Q

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are indicative of this

A

Prions

57
Q

Do symptoms from prion infection appear rapidly or slowly?

A

Slow infection; symptoms may not appear for years after infection

58
Q

Normal cellular PrP protein has this secondary structure

A

Alpha helices

59
Q

PrP with alpha helices is this

A

Normal cellular PrP protein (made by all mammals)

60
Q

PrP with beta pleated sheets is this

A

Disease causing form called prion PrP

61
Q

Prion PrP (disease causing form) has this secondary structure

A

Beta pleated sheets

62
Q

Prion PrP (disease causing form) is resistant to these 3 things

A

Proteases, nucleases, and UV light

63
Q

Characteristic of prions that makes it a slow infection

A

Prion PrP changes shape of cellular PrP so it becomes prion PrP

MF2 Final study (28 decks)

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