General Epidemiology

Question 1

What are the 5 key social determinants of health?

Answer 1

Neighborhood and built environment
Health and healthcare
Social and community context
Education
Economic stability

Question 2

Type of prevention that aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs

Answer 2

Primary prevention (predisease)

Question 3

Vaccines are this type of prevention

Answer 3

Primary

Question 4

Type of prevention that involves screening and providing appropriate treatment of disease that may prevent progression
Disease process has already begun, still asymptomatic

Answer 4

Secondary prevention

Question 5

Blood pressure screening is an example of this type of prevention

Answer 5

Secondary prevention

Question 6

Type of prevention where disease manifestations are evident
Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects

Answer 6

Tertiary prevention

Question 7

Type of epidemiology where all subjects have the primary disease / outcome of interest
Seeks distribution of disease: how common, person, time, place (who, where, when)

Answer 7

Descriptive

Question 8

Type of epidemiology that is a search for cause and effect
Systematic testing of hypothesized relationships with determinants estimate magnitude of effect of factors
Key feature: use of comparison groups

Answer 8

Analytical

Question 9

Key difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology

Answer 9

Analytical uses comparison groups

Question 10

Typical and constant presence or pattern of disease within a defined population/geographical area
Expected level of disease

Answer 10

Endemic

Question 11

Greater than expected disease frequency in a defined population

Answer 11

Epidemic

Question 12

Greater than expected disease frequency in a large defined area

Answer 12

Pandemic

Question 13

Organism in the environment that is the transmitting agent to host

Answer 13

Vector

Question 14

Inanimate mechanism through which the vector operates

Answer 14

Vehicle

Question 15

Strength, consistency, specificity, temporal sequence, dose response, experimental evidence, biological plausibility, coherence, analogy represent this criteria

Answer 15

Bradford Hill causality criteria

Question 16

Is this statement true of ratios or proportions: Numerator is a subset of the denominator

Answer 16

Proportions

Question 17

Rate of everyone who is expected to have the disease because of possible exposure

Answer 17

Attack rate

Question 18

Number of new cases over a specific or defined time

Answer 18

Incidence

Question 19

Number of all cases over a specific or defined time

Answer 19

Prevalence

Question 20

Equation for incidence rate

Answer 20

(# of incident cases over a defined study period) / (population at risk at the midpoint of that study period)

Question 21

Number of new events per person-time
Valuable when the event of interest can occur in an individual more than once in the study period

Answer 21

Incidence density

Question 22

Mortality rate that equals deaths per population

Answer 22

Crude mortality rate

Question 23

Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per population

Answer 23

Cause-specific mortality rate

Question 24

Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per number of patients with the disease

Answer 24

Case-fatality rate

Question 25

Mortality rate that equals deaths from a specific cause per all deaths

Answer 25

Proportionate mortality rate (PMR)

Question 26

Equation for rate of death

Answer 26

Annual deaths / proportion alive at midpoint in population

Question 27

Equation for infant mortality rate

Answer 27

(# of deaths in infants <1 year of age / total # live births) x 1000

Question 28

Measure of association that expresses how much more likely an exposed person is to get the disease compared to a person not exposed

Answer 28

Risk ratio or Relative risk

Question 29

Equation for relative risk

Answer 29

(Risk of disease in exposed group) / (Risk of disease in unexposed group)

Question 30

Relative risk greater than one indicates this type of association between exposure and disease

Answer 30

Increased risk of developing disease with exposure

Question 31

Relative risk less than one indicates this type of association between exposure and disease

Answer 31

Lesser risk of developing disease with exposure

Question 32

Measure of association that expresses how much more likely it is that a person with the disease had been exposed to the risk compared to a person without the disease

Answer 32

Odds ratio

Question 33

Equation for absolute risk

Answer 33

Risk (exposed) / Risk (population)

Question 34

Equation for attributable risk

Answer 34

Risk (exposed) - risk (not exposed)

Question 35

Type of risk that is simply the incidence of disease

Answer 35

Absolute risk

Question 36

Risk that expresses the proportion of disease attributed to the exposure

Answer 36

Attributable risk

Question 37

Equation for relative risk reduction

Answer 37

RRR = 1 - RR (relative risk)

Question 38

Equation for absolute risk reduction

Answer 38

ARR = Risk(intervention) - Risk(control)

Question 39

How to calculate prevalence from 2x2 table

Answer 39

with disease / total population

Question 40

How to calculate risk exposed from 2x2 table

Answer 40

True positive / population exposed (Test positive)

Question 41

How to calculate risk unexposed from 2x2 table

Answer 41

False negative / population unexposed (Test negative)

Question 42

How to calculate odds ratio from 2x2 table

Answer 42

OR = ad / bc

Question 43

Odds ratio >1 indicates this association between exposure and disease

Answer 43

Exposure is positively associated with disease

Question 44

Estimates chances that an event occurs with treatment vs non-treatment
Calculated by: Odds diseased person exposed / odds non diseased person exposed

Answer 44

Hazard ratio