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Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What is a virion

A

A mature virus particle that is usually dna or rna (never both) genome in a protein coating
Some can have lipid envelope

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2
Q

True or false: viruses can replicate outside the host

A

False they utilize host cell machinery to replicate

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3
Q

What is a capsid also known as

A

Protomers which are proteins that make up the capsid

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4
Q

What is a spike also known as

A

Peplomer which are virus proteins used for attachment

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5
Q

How do envelope viruses work

A

Steal from host cell
They are harder for immune system to recognize because it’s cloaked and tricks immune system into thinking they belong

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6
Q

What is the shape of a virus

A

Helical
The same protein or protomer coils wraps around helical piece of rna

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7
Q

What are envelopes and how are they made

A

Double lipid membrane
Made based on how the virus replicates

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8
Q

What is a butting event

A

Capsid buds out to leave and coats itself in plasma membrane which means it gets an envelope

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9
Q

What did the international committee on taxonomy of viruses discover (slide 8)

A

Ask Annabelle

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10
Q

What is the Baltimore system

A

Based on genome and the process used for making viral mRNA

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11
Q

How does dsDNA become a protein

A

Is becomes mRNA then protein

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12
Q

How does ssDNA become a protein

A

Becomes a dsDNA then an mRNA and finally protein

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13
Q

How does a dsRNA become a protein

A

Goes straight to mRNA and then protein

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14
Q

How does a positive ssRNA become a protein

A

It can either turn into a negative strand then go to mRNA and finally protein or it will go straight to mRNA and then protein

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15
Q

How does a negative ssRNA become a protein

A

Becomes mRNA and then protein

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16
Q

How does a positive ssRNA retrovirus become a protein

A

It uses reverse transcriptase to go back to ssdna then dsDNA then to mRNA and then protein

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17
Q

How does a reverse transcribing dsDNA become a protein

A

It turns into an rna strand and then back to dsDNA then to mRNA and then protein

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18
Q

What are the five steps of replication and reproduction in viruses

A

Attachment
Entry
Synthesis
Assembly
Release

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19
Q

What does phage mean

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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20
Q

What is the virulent phage also known as and what is the result

A

The lytic cycle which results in a burst of bacterium due to growth and release of new phage

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21
Q

What is the total pathway of a lytic cell

A

Virus binds to special binding sight and injects genetic info into host cell which redirects machinery to focus on virus
Then cell lyses and releases the new phages which bind onto new cells
The only option for lyric cycle is cell death

22
Q

What is another name for temperate phage and what is the result

A

Lysogenic cycle which is when a phage genome integrates itself into host chromosome

23
Q

What is a lysogenic conversion

A

Lysogeny results in new phenotype

24
Q

What is the lysogenic pathway

A

Virus binds to special site using receptors which injects genetic info into host cell and redirects cell machinery to focus on virus
The phage dna is then integrated into the host chromosome and copied when cell divides
Exposure to stress such as uv light triggers excision from host chromosome

25
Q

What is a prophage

A

Name of genome that integrates itself into host cell genome and doesn’t cause cell death

26
Q

How does adsorption of a virus work

A

Recognizes and binds receptors
The receptor is essentially a tropism
For example T4 likes the LPS of ecoli

27
Q

What is a tropism in viruses

A

When a virus only binds to a specific type of cell or region because of the specific receptor it has

28
Q

How does entry work in viruses

A

Acts as syringe
Brings lysozymes which break down peptidoglycan and penetrates then injects genetic material into host

29
Q

What do early mRNAs do in viruses

A

Commandeer host cell machinery and degrade host dna

30
Q

What do late mRNAs do in viruses

A

Phage structural proteins
Assist with phage assembly
Cell lysis

31
Q

How does release work of a virus

A

Lysis of a cell which releases newly assembled viruses

32
Q

What is phage therapy

A

Using phages to clear bacterial infection
There are restrictions of phages to particular species and strains

33
Q

How does a virus inject into a cell

A

Tail fiber contracts and baseplate contacts the membrane
The sheath contracts and the lysozyme dissolves peptidoglycan and dna is injected

34
Q

What does it mean when a virus enters a cell via fusion

A

Entry of enveloped virus by fusing with the plasma membrane

35
Q

How does endocytosis work in viruses

A

Spikes brought to receptors on plasma membrane which then surrounds the whole virus cell and then it becomes an endosome
It is the entry of an enveloped virus by endocytosis

36
Q

How does entry of a non enveloped virus work

A

Virus doesn’t have envelope so the capsids bind to plasma membrane of cell and it eventually surrounds the virus
Ask Annabelle I’m not sure if this is right

37
Q

What are the two release techniques and what are they used for

A

Lysis is a mechanism for naked viruses
Budding is for enveloped viruses

38
Q

What is latency

A

Time of infection to the time you show symptoms

39
Q

What are the outcomes of a virus entering a cell

A

Rapid multiplication which ends in lytic cell (usually acute infection)
Viral components are present but don’t harm the host which is essentially period of dormancy (latent infection)
Slow release of virus without cel death (chronic infection)
Integration of genome into host chromosome; has capability of causing cancer depending on insertion of genome

40
Q

What is influenza

A

Viral infection, prevalent in winter season
Respiratory tract infection
Segmented negative sense rna

41
Q

What are the two outer surface proteins of influenza

A

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

42
Q

What are the three main influenza A subtypes that inject humans and what is the most prevalent type of influenza

A

H1N1, H2N2, H3N2
Type A

43
Q

What is the average mortality of influenza

A

2 percent

44
Q

How many types of viruses does influenza have

A

3: A, B, C
They all have different nucleoproteins
These three types are due to structural differences

45
Q

What is hemagglutinin

A

Involved in binding to sialic acid on respiratory mucosa
Binding sites used to anchor virus to host cells
Agglutination of red blood cells

46
Q

What is antigenic drift

A

Slight change to protein that benefits virus so it’s retained

47
Q

What is agglutination of rbc

A

Clumping of rbc

48
Q

What is neuraminidase

A

Breaks down protective mucous coating
Assists in viral budding and keeps viruses from sticking together
Participates in host cell fusion

49
Q

What is a cytokine storm

A

Strong immune response that results in death because so many of your cells have died

50
Q

How can you treat the Spanish flu

A

Aspirin which you can’t give to children because it will cause autoimmune response in heart
Flumist
Adamantane which blocks neuramidase

Micro (8 decks)

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