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Micro > Control Of Microbes > Flashcards

Control Of Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What is sterilization

A

Killing or removal of all viable organisms including endospores
Endospores are very resistant

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2
Q

What is disinfection

A

Fomites or inanimate objects that can harbor microorganisms

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3
Q

What is sanitization

A

This lowers numbers to where it is safer
Decreasing viral or microbial numbers
Doesn’t eliminate endospores
Doesn’t get rid of everything

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4
Q

What is antisepsis

A

Used on live tissue to disinfect
Can’t use same concentration that you would on inanimate objects
Things in living tissue take longer to work and you don’t want to kill living tissue

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5
Q

What are antimicrobial agents

A

They will kill or inhibit microbes but aren’t the same thing as antibiotics

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6
Q

What is chemotherapy

A

Use of chemicals to kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms within host tissue

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7
Q

What is cidal

A

Kills microorganisms
Penicillin is an example because it stops bacteria

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8
Q

What is static

A

Inhibits microorganisms
Slow growth rate of proteins in microorganisms
Inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria
Hopefully slows protein synthesis long enough to lead to death

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9
Q

When does population death of microbes occur

A

Exponentially rather than right away

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10
Q

What is the lag phase

A

Period of adjustment

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11
Q

What is the log phase

A

When microbes are actively reproducing

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12
Q

What is the stationary phase

A

Growth rate and death rate are equal

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13
Q

What is the death phase

A

Occurs exponentially
Slow process from beginning to end

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14
Q

What is the D value

A

Measure of agents killing efficiency
Decimal reduction time or time to kill 90 percent of the microbes
Must make sure persister cells are dead because they could regain ability to reproduce and cause infection

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15
Q

What is a deciding factor in if a disinfectant will work

A

The abundance of microorganisms

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16
Q

How does filtration work in mechanical control of microorganisms

A

Relies on physical barriers
Reduces microbial population or sterilizes solutions of heat sensitive materials by removing microorganisms
Can be used to reduce microbial population in the air

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17
Q

When filtering liquids why are membrane filters important

A

They stop microorganisms from passing but allow liquids to move through
They have a defined pore size that removes microorganisms primarily by physical screening

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18
Q

How could toy filter air to avoid microorganisms

A

Surgical masks
Cotton plugs on culture vessels
High efficiency particulate air filters

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19
Q

How do physical control methods avoid microorganisms

A

They alter the microbes to make them non viable
Can use heat or radiation

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20
Q

How does moist heat work

A

Degrades nucleic acids, denatures proteins, and disrupts membranes
Quicker or more efficient to use
Boiling doesn’t destroy microorganisms and endospores it just reduces numbers

21
Q

How does steam sterilization work

A

Carried out above 100 degrees Celsius which requires saturated steam under pressure
Uses an autoclave and if effective against all microorganisms included endopspores!!!

22
Q

What does pasteurization do

A

Kills pathogens to slow spoilage by reducing total load or organisms present
High temperature short time which means 161 degrees for at least 15 seconds

23
Q

What is dry heat sterilization

A

Less effective than moist heat and requires longer exposure time with higher temps
Will denature proteins

24
Q

What is ultraviolet radiation

A

Wavelength of 260 nm is most bactericidal
Causes thymine dimers and prevents replication and transcription
Limited to surface sterilization and has been used for water treatment

25
Q

What is ionizing radiation

A

Gamma radiation penetrates deep into object
Destroys bacterial endospores but not always effective against viruses
Used for sterilization and pasteurization of antibiotics, hormones, and disposable supplies as well as food

26
Q

Ask Annabelle

A

Slide 21

27
Q

What are phenolics used for

A

Laboratory and hospital disinfectants
Act but denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes

28
Q

How do alcohols work

A

Inactivate some viruses
Most common are ethanol and isopropanol
Most widely used disinfectants and antiseptics
Bactericidal and fungicidal but not sporicidal

29
Q

What are halogens

A

Important antimicrobial agents
Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine

30
Q

How does iodine work

A

Oxidizes cell constituents and iodinates proteins
Skin antiseptic
Can kill spores at high concentrations
Skin damage, staining, and allergies could be a problem

31
Q

What is an iodophore

A

Iodine complexed with organic carrier
Released slowly to minimize skin burns

32
Q

What does chlorine do

A

Oxidizes cell constituents
Disinfects water supplies and destroys vegetative bacteria and fungi
Chlorine gas is sporicidal
Can react with organic matter to become carcinogenic

33
Q

What are heavy metals

A

Effective but usually toxic
Combined with and inactivate proteins, can also precipitate proteins

34
Q

What are quaternary ammonium compounds

A

Detergents that have antimicrobial activity
Amphipathic organic cleansing agents disrupt membranes

35
Q

Are cationic or anionic detergents effective disinfectants

A

Cationic
They kill most bacteria but not M tuberculosis or endospores
Inactivated by hard water and soap

36
Q

How are aldehydes used

A

Commonly used as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
Highly reactive
Combine with new inactivate nucleic acids and proteins

37
Q

How does glutaraldehyde work specifically

A

It hooks with proteins so it changes their structure and allows them to not function properly

38
Q

What do sterilizing gases do

A

Sterilize heat sensitive materials
They are microbidical and sporicidal
Inactivate dna and proteins

39
Q

How is ethylene oxide sterilization carried out

A

Using equipment that is similar to the autoclave

40
Q

True or false: smaller populations take longer to kill than larger ones

A

False, larger populations take longer to

41
Q

Do higher or lower concentrations microbes more effectively

A

Higher concentrations but the relationship between concentration and microbe death is not linear
More is not always better because some disinfectants can eat through material or evaporate too quickly

42
Q

Is gram negative or positive harder to get rid of

A

Gram negative because they have an outer membrane

43
Q

How does duration of exposure relate to microbial death

A

Longer exposure means more organisms killed
Usually ten minute time frame

44
Q

How does temperature relate to microbial death

A

Higher temps usually increase killing
It speeds up molecular motion and increases protein denaturing

45
Q

What aspects impact effectiveness of disinfectants

A

Ph, viscosity, concentration or organic matter
Organisms in biofilms are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents

46
Q

What does fluorescent pseudomonas do that’s important

A

Use microorganisms in rhizoids to convert nitrogen and phosphorus into usable forms the plant can use

47
Q

What is entomopathogenic fungi

A

Insect specific pathogenic fungi used to control mosquitos
Female mosquitoes will mate with males that cannot reproduce and kill eggs

48
Q

What is wolbachia

A

Insect specific bacteria
Being developed to control mosquitos
Makes males sterile and releases them into the environment

Micro (8 decks)

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